Table 2.
Prevalence of non-motor symptoms in PRKN-PD (n = 152)a
| Non-motor symptoms | Frequency | Present | Absent | Missing data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomic dysfunction | 62.6% | n = 72b | n = 43c | n = 37 |
| Orthostatic hypotension | 28.4% | n = 29 | n = 73 | n = 50 |
| Constipation | 37.7% | n = 40 | n = 66 | n = 46 |
| Urinary urgency | 47.7% | n = 53 | n = 58 | n = 41 |
| Sleep disturbance | 72.5% | n = 87d | n = 33e | n = 32 |
| Somnolence | 37.8% | n = 42 | n = 69 | n = 41 |
| Insomnia | 63.5% | n = 73 | n = 42 | n = 37 |
| RBD | 29.4% | n = 32 | n = 77 | n = 43 |
| Sleep apnoea | 11.5% | n = 9 | n = 69 | n = 74 |
| Restless legs syndrome | 13.9% | n = 15 | n = 93 | n = 44 |
| Olfactory dysfunction | 18.5% | n = 12 | n = 53 | n = 87 |
| Impulse control disorders or punding | 21.4% | n = 24 | n = 88 | n = 40 |
| Psychological disturbance | 64.5% | n = 82f | n = 45g | n = 25 |
| Apathy | 11.8% | n = 13 | n = 97 | n = 42 |
| Depression | 40.5% | n = 49 | n = 72 | n = 31 |
| Anxiety | 49.5% | n = 59 | n = 60 | n = 33 |
| Hallucinations | 18.5% | n = 23 | n = 101 | n = 28 |
| Psychosis | 9.3% | n = 10 | n = 97 | n = 45 |
| Cognitive impairment | 20.8% | c = 20h | n = 76i | n = 56 |
| Mild cognitive declinej | 24.4% | n = 19 | n = 59 | n = 74 |
| Dementia | 1% | n = 1 | n = 95 | n = 56 |
aSupplementary Fig. 5 depicts the flow chart demonstrating the number of patients included in assessing the prevalence of non-motor symptoms.
bCases reporting the presence of any one of the following features of autonomic dysfunction: orthostatic hypotension, constipation or urinary urgency.
cCases reporting the absence of all of the following features of autonomic dysfunction: orthostatic hypotension, constipation and urinary urgency.
dCases reporting the presence of any one of the following features of sleep disturbance: somnolence, insomnia, RBD, sleep apnoea or restless legs syndrome.
eCases reporting the absence of all of the following features of sleep disturbance: somnolence, insomnia, RBD, sleep apnoea and restless legs syndrome.
fCases reporting the presence of any one of the following features of psychological disturbance: apathy, depression, anxiety, hallucinations or psychosis.
gCases reporting the absence of all of the following features of psychological disturbance: apathy, depression, anxiety, hallucination and psychosis.
hCases reporting the presence of mild cognitive decline or dementia.
iCases reporting the absence of both mild cognitive decline and dementia.
jAs defined by clinician’s opinion, or a MOCA < 26 or a MMSE < 25 in the 152 patients with detailed phenotypic information. Objective evidence of mild cognitive decline, with a MMSE < 25 (n = 253, Supplementary Fig. 1) was noted in 6% of cases.