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. 2024 Mar 29;10:72. doi: 10.1038/s41531-024-00677-3

Table 2.

Prevalence of non-motor symptoms in PRKN-PD (n = 152)a

Non-motor symptoms Frequency Present Absent Missing data
Autonomic dysfunction 62.6% n = 72b n = 43c n = 37
 Orthostatic hypotension 28.4% n = 29 n = 73 n = 50
 Constipation 37.7% n = 40 n = 66 n = 46
 Urinary urgency 47.7% n = 53 n = 58 n = 41
Sleep disturbance 72.5% n = 87d n = 33e n = 32
 Somnolence 37.8% n = 42 n = 69 n = 41
 Insomnia 63.5% n = 73 n = 42 n = 37
 RBD 29.4% n = 32 n = 77 n = 43
 Sleep apnoea 11.5% n = 9 n = 69 n = 74
 Restless legs syndrome 13.9% n = 15 n = 93 n = 44
Olfactory dysfunction 18.5% n = 12 n = 53 n = 87
Impulse control disorders or punding 21.4% n = 24 n = 88 n = 40
Psychological disturbance 64.5% n = 82f n = 45g n = 25
 Apathy 11.8% n = 13 n = 97 n = 42
 Depression 40.5% n = 49 n = 72 n = 31
 Anxiety 49.5% n = 59 n = 60 n = 33
 Hallucinations 18.5% n = 23 n = 101 n = 28
 Psychosis 9.3% n = 10 n = 97 n = 45
Cognitive impairment 20.8% c = 20h n = 76i n = 56
 Mild cognitive declinej 24.4% n = 19 n = 59 n = 74
 Dementia 1% n = 1 n = 95 n = 56

aSupplementary Fig. 5 depicts the flow chart demonstrating the number of patients included in assessing the prevalence of non-motor symptoms.

bCases reporting the presence of any one of the following features of autonomic dysfunction: orthostatic hypotension, constipation or urinary urgency.

cCases reporting the absence of all of the following features of autonomic dysfunction: orthostatic hypotension, constipation and urinary urgency.

dCases reporting the presence of any one of the following features of sleep disturbance: somnolence, insomnia, RBD, sleep apnoea or restless legs syndrome.

eCases reporting the absence of all of the following features of sleep disturbance: somnolence, insomnia, RBD, sleep apnoea and restless legs syndrome.

fCases reporting the presence of any one of the following features of psychological disturbance: apathy, depression, anxiety, hallucinations or psychosis.

gCases reporting the absence of all of the following features of psychological disturbance: apathy, depression, anxiety, hallucination and psychosis.

hCases reporting the presence of mild cognitive decline or dementia.

iCases reporting the absence of both mild cognitive decline and dementia.

jAs defined by clinician’s opinion, or a MOCA < 26 or a MMSE < 25 in the 152 patients with detailed phenotypic information. Objective evidence of mild cognitive decline, with a MMSE < 25 (n = 253, Supplementary Fig. 1) was noted in 6% of cases.