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. 2023 Jun 8;13(2):186–194. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.002

Table 1.

Statistics of the subgroup analysis.

Subgroup Number of measures Std diff in means (95%CI) p Q statistics
Muscles tested
 Sit-and-reach 15 –0.849 (–1.187 to –0.511) <0.001a
 Shoulder 6 0.739 (–1.122 to –0.356) <0.001a
 Hamstrings 39 –1.155 (–1.379 to –0.931) <0.001a
 Quadriceps 3 –0.616 (–1.280 to 0.049) 0.069
 Triceps surae 14 –0.696 (–1.006 to –0.387) <0.001a
 Hip flexors 10 –1.134 (–1.843 to –0.425) 0.002a
 Overall 87 –0.925 (–1.066 to –0.784) <0.001 Q = 8.441; df = 5; p = 0.134
Intensity of stretch
 Low intensity 32 –0.923 (–1.122 to –0.724) <0.001a
 High intensity 24 –1.049 (–1.400 to –0.698) <0.001a
 Overall 56 –0.954 (–1.127 to –0.781) <0.001 Q = 0.376; df = 1; p = 0.540
Trained state
 Recreationally active 26 –1.253 (–1.585 to –0.921) <0.001a
 Elite athlete 4 –1.296 (–2.413 to –0.179) 0.023a
 Sedentary 16 –1.044 (–1.482 to –0.606) <0.001a
 Overall 46 –1.183 (–1.441 to –0.926) <0.001 Q = 0.597; df = 3; p = 0.742
Stretching techniques
 Static 66 –1.005 (–1.184 to –0.825) <0.001a
 Ballistic/dynamic 8 –0.550 (–0.852 to –0.248) <0.001a
 PNF 11 –1.283 (–1.757 to –0.813) <0.001a
 Overall 85 –0.925 (–1.095 to –0.778) <0.001 Q = 8.900; df = 2; p = 0.012b
Sex
 Male 15 –0.886 (–1.225 to –0.546) <0.001a
 Female 14 –1.558 (–2.088 to –1.028) <0.001a
 Overall 29 –1.081 (–1.368 to –0.795) <0.001 Q = 4.381; df = 1; p = 0.036b
Supervision of the stretching intervention
 Fully supervised 37 –1.081 (–1.329 to –0.833) <0.001a
 Periodically supervised 12 –0.750 (–1.064 to –0.436) <0.001a
 Not supervised 9 –0.740 (–1.139 to –0.340) <0.001a
 Overall 58 –0.913 (–1.088 to –0.738) <0.001 Q = 3.525; df = 2; p = 0.172

Note: Negative values of std diff in means indicates a favorable effect for stretching (and vice versa) on range of motion.

Abbreviations: 95%CI = 95% confidence interval; df = degree of freedom; PNF = proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation; Std diff = standardized difference.

a

Significant difference within a group.

b

Significant difference between groups.