Table 5.

Effect of emphysema-dominant structural abnormality contributing to the annual FEV₁ change compared to no structural abnormality.

	Annual FEV1 change, mL/year		P-value
	Beta-coefficient	Standard error
Age	−15.53	2.45	<0.001
Sex, female	−445.92	60.75	<0.001
Current smoker	0.334	41.54	0.994
CAT score	−11.44	2.24	<0.001
Moderate-to-severe exacerbation history within previous 1 year	−258.74	43.30	<0.001
Baseline FVC, % of predicted value	18.34	1.18	<0.001
Emphysema-dominant structural abnormality (reference: no structural abnormality)	−84.13	35.53	0.018

The results of multivariable linear mixed effect model were summarized as slope estimate %/year (standard error).

BMI and baseline FEV₁ were not included for multivariable analysis because of multicollinearity with structural abnormality.

CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FVC, forced vital capacity.