Table 2.

The comparison of changes in gait characteristics between the experimental (KBVR) and control groups.

	KBVR group (n = 28)	Control group (n = 28)	Treatment-by-time interaction
			Sig.	Partial η2
Step length, cm
Pre	0.53 ± 0.07	0.52 ± 0.06	0.015*	0.11
Post	0.58 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.05
Sig.	<0.001*	0.0001*
Cohen's d	1.07	0.86
Cadence, step/min
Pre	62.39 ± 7.58	61.54 ± 6.26	0.004*	0.14
Post	68.75 ± 7.72	64.18 ± 5.63
Sig.	<0.001*	0.0003*
Cohen's d	1.13	0.77
Walking velocity, m/sec
Pre	1.13 ± 0.13	1.11 ± 0.11	0.024*	0.09
Post	1.22 ± 0.09	1.15 ± 0.10
Sig.	<0.001*	0.006*
Cohen's d	1.05	0.56
Peak knee ext. moment during stance, Nm/kg
Pre	0.54 ± 0.17	0.51 ± 0.14	0.018*	0.10
Post	0.68 ± 0.24	0.59 ± 0.13
Sig.	<0.001*	0.0003*
Cohen's d	1.27	0.78
Knee flex amplitude during swing, degree
Pre	36.21 ± 7.44	34.89 ± 4.84	0.032*	0.08
Post	41.75 ± 9.67	38.14 ± 5.92
Sig.	<0.001*	<0.001*
Cohen's d	1.29	0.95

KBVR: Kinetic based virtual reality, ext.: extension, flex.: flexion, IC: initial contact.

Sig: significance level, Partial η²: effect size for interaction effect, Cohen's d: effect size of the change within a group, * Significant at p < 0.05.