Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for pre- and post-test scores across groups.

		N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval for Mean
						Lower Bound	Upper Bound
New Vocabulary Levels Test (5k) (Criterion measure)	Digital Flashcards	34	65.56	6.316	1.083	63.36	67.76
	Paper Flashcards	27	65.81	5.691	1.095	63.56	68.07
	Control	25	66.60	4.848	0.970	64.60	68.60
	Total	86	65.94	5.676	0.612	64.72	67.16
Pre-test (Receptive)	Digital Flashcards	34	11.09	2.906	0.498	10.07	12.10
	Paper Flashcards	27	10.93	2.908	0.560	9.78	12.08
	Control	25	11.96	2.979	0.596	10.73	13.19
	Total	86	11.29	2.926	0.316	10.66	11.92
Pre-test (productive)	Digital Flashcards	34	6.09	2.179	0.374	5.33	6.85
	Paper Flashcards	27	7.22	2.309	0.444	6.31	8.14
	Control	25	6.84	2.249	0.450	5.91	7.77
	Total	86	6.66	2.268	0.245	6.18	7.15
Post-test (Receptive)	Digital Flashcards	34	20.32	2.637	0.452	19.40	21.24
	Paper Flashcards	27	14.93	2.319	0.446	14.01	15.84
	Control	25	11.28	2.441	0.488	10.27	12.29
	Total	86	16.00	4.519	0.487	15.03	16.97
Post-test (Productive)	Digital Flashcards	34	12.85	2.808	0.482	11.87	13.83
	Paper Flashcards	27	7.56	2.887	0.556	6.41	8.70
	Control	25	6.76	2.204	0.441	5.85	7.67
	Total	86	9.42	3.858	0.416	8.59	10.25