. 2024 Mar 20;10(7):e28208. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28208

Table 2.

Various research work on macroalgae farming.

Cultivation Type	Species	Method	Result	Reference
Onshore	Ulva lactuca (formerly Ulva fasciata) (Chlorophyta)	Pulse-fertilization, nitrogen enrichment strategy.	Reduce epithelization, Productivity 18.8 and 6.8g dry wt m∼2 day-1	[106]
Offshore	Saccharina latissima (formerly Laminaria saccharina) (Phaeophyceae)	Ring carrier	Resistance to inclement weather.	[107]
Onshore	Gracilaria cornea (Rhodophyta).	1000 L tanks, pH 8.0 , four treatments designated (1) N + P, (2) N + P + CO₂, (3) flue gas, and (4) N + P + flue gas.	Average annual growth rates were 91.3% and 94.1% per week for N + P + CO₂ and N + P + flue gas, respectively, and 82.9% and 77.5% per week for N + P and flue gas. Reduced manufacturing costs	[108]
Onshore	Ulva prolifera (Chlorophyta).	Germling clusters were transplanted to tank cultivation, where deep seawater (DSW) was supplied. (12–25 °C).	Average daily growth rate 37%. Culture remains free of significant epiphytic development for more than a year.	[109]
Onshore	Ulva clathrate (Chlorophyta).	Cultivation with shrimp effluent, regular aeration	Effective at removing inorganic nutrients from effluent water.	[110]
Offshore	Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyta), Kappahycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta).	Cultivation in Floating cages.	Eucheuma denticulatum, K. alvarezii specific growth rate (SGR) 3.32%, and 3.1%. Herbivore predation decrease.	[111]
Offshore	Gracilaria dura (Rhodophyta).	Cultivation in tube-net	Mean daily growth rate from 1.88 ± 0.23% day⁻¹ to 3.30 ± 0.25% day⁻¹.	[112]
Onshore	Ulva fasciata, Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta),Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta).	Spray and pond culture	84 g FWm⁻² day⁻¹, 44–84% of yield and quality of spray-grown U. fasciata was obtained on 6°-inclined trays. H. musciformis and U. compressa, yielded up to 286 g FW m⁻² day⁻¹ and 172 g FWm⁻² day⁻¹. Spray culture method could provide markets with seaweed of acceptable quality, quantity, and price.	[113]
Onshore	Ulva lactuca (formerly Ulva fasciata) (Chlorophyta)	Cultivation in a multi-tubular airlift photobioreactor	Averaged productivity of 0.87 kg m⁻² d⁻¹.	[114]
Offshore	Ulva fenestrate (Chlorophyta)	Hatchery temperature (10 and 15 °C), nutrient addition (PES and 3xPES), swarmer density (500 and 10,000 swarmers ML⁻¹), off-shore rope cultivation.	Total fatty acid content (3.2–3.55% dw), mean total protein content (16.6–20.7% dw), average total chlorophyll a (1.29–1.69 mg g⁻¹), chlorophyll b (0.73–1.32 mg g ⁻¹) and carotenoids (0.44–0.85 mg g⁻¹). Prove as successful and cost-effective.	[115]