| Ice-Ice Disease |
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Explore more ice-ice disease-resistant strains so genetic engineering can create more disease-resistant varieties with good features.
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The floating technique cultivates K. alvarezii in Africa, as it is more resistant to epiphyte die-offs and ice-ice disease [21].
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Relocation of seaweed farms to deeper water environments reduced the risk of an ice-ice syndrome, thus improving their growth rate and biomass [173].
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According to Ref. [174], bamboo spacers (BS) can be used in floaters to stop freshly out-planted seaweed from developing IID and EI.
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A prolonged sun drying period was advised by Ref. [137] to lessen pathogen burdens.
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Polycultures of the seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma show potential for controlling ice-ice illness. Due to its antibacterial property, K. alvarezii can co-culture with A. spiciformis, and this alga defends against the ice-ice disease with just 0.062% ice-ice incidence as opposed to 50% monoculture of K. alvarezii [132].
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| Grazing |
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Trap cropping (a method of pest management that uses a sacrificial crop to attract pests away from the desired crop) is a potential sustainability ecological management method that entails growing a non-crop species in a specific region to attract pests from the main crop, prohibiting pests from accessing the harvest and controlling the pest to minimize the damage to the main crop. Trap cropping is widely used in agriculture but not applied to seaweed cultivation.
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Seaweeds can avoid herbivores by growing at times of year in which herbivores are not active.
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In a monoculture, sea urchins nibbled seaweed Gracilaria more extensively than in polyculture with the unpalatable alga Sargassum. Monocultures resulted in even more feeding; hence, polyculture can be used [175].
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The basket technique of seaweed growth can decrease the risk of herbivorous biotas, such as siganid fish and sea turtles, predating the seaweed [176,177].
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| Epiphytes |
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Careful site selection for establishing seaweed farms is essential in Coastal environments that are not conducive to epiphyte attachment [178].
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The existing strategy for mitigating pest epiphytes stocks is to track seaweed populations and manually eliminate the pests before they replicate and exercise proper field management, such as using quality seedlings.
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Creating new strains by a genetic modification that are heat tolerant, disease tolerant, and have effective epiphyte regulation.
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Ascophyllum nodosum extract on Kappaphycus alvarezii improved K. alvarezii growth in the Philippines and reduced the occurrence of epiphytes such as Ulva and Cladophora in Brazil [179].
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Chemical techniques may be used to remove epiphytes, including chlorine or copper rinsing and pH adjustments.
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Milkfish (Chanos chanos) and Tilapia mossambica have successfully controlled epiphytes associated with pond-grown macroalgae environment [180].
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Ozone treatment is employed to destroy invasive species in coastal waters, but no reports of it being used to kill marine parasites have been found [179].
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