. 2023 Mar 23;29(2):375–387. doi: 10.1177/10775595231167383

Table 3.

FU I-III Between-Group Effect Sizes for PTSS, Depression, Anxiety and Grief.

Assessment Point	Outcome	Sample	n	g	95% CI	Se	z	Q	I²	Duval and Tweedie
FU I	PTSS	Any control	4	(.39^a,b) .28^a,b,c	(.04–.73) (-.03 - .60)	(.18)	(2.20*)	2.59	0	1
FU I	Depression	Any control	4	.20^a,b	−.14–.54	.17	1.14	.62	0	0
FU II	PTSS	TAU/AT	7	.05	−.30–.41	.18	.30	16.70**	64.07	0
	Depression	TAU/AT	6	.17^a	−.04 −.37	.10	1.63	5.39	7.17	0
	Anxiety	TAU/AT	4	.10^a	−.14–.33	.12	.81	4.47	32.82	0
FU III	PTSS	TAU/AT	11	.35	.13–.56	.11	3.11**	28.90**	65.40	0
		Efficacy	6	.32^a	.11–.52	.11	3.01**	3.37	0	0
		Effectiveness	5	.39	.02–.76	.19	2.08*	25.15***	84.10	0
		Individual	7	.29^a	.10–.47	.09	3.05**	3.79	0	0
		Group	4	.45	.00–.89	.23	1.96*	23.66***	87.32	0
	Depression	TAU/AT	7	.14^a	−.05–.32	.09	1.47	1.76	0	0
	Anxiety	TAU/AT	5	.18^a	−.02–.38	.10	1.76	5.11	21.77	0
	Grief	TAU/AT	5	.33	−.02–.67	.18	1.85	16.60**	75.91	0

Note. High risk of bias studies are excluded; n = number of included comparisons; PTSS = Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms; TAU/AT = Treatment as usual/active treatment control conditions; Effectiveness = Effectiveness RCTs only; Efficacy = Efficacy RCTs only; Individual = RCTs conducted in an individual treatment setting; Group = RCTs conducted in a group setting. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

^aFixed model assumed due to non-significant Q-value.

^bAnalysis includes high risk of bias studies (calculation otherwise not possible due to low number of studies).

^cRecalculated with imputed studies (trim and fill method according to Duval and Tweedie).