Table 2.
Baseline values of blood parameters in the chewing and non-chewing trials.
| Chewing | Non-chewing | 95% confidence intervals | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 | (0.3) | 4.8 | (0.2) | − 0.1 | – | 0.1 | 0.843 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 20.4 | (12.8) | 21.2 | (10.6) | − 3.8 | – | 2.4 | 0.644 |
| Total GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 3.0 | (2.8) | 3.1 | (4.3) | − 0.9 | – | 0.7 | 0.792 |
| GIP (pg/mL) | 96.6 | (57.2) | 73.1 | (40.9) | 4.2 | – | 42.7 | 0.010 |
| Total-C (mmol/L) | 4.4 | (0.7) | 4.4 | (0.7) | − 0.2 | – | 0.1 | 0.378 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.5 | (0.7) | 2.5 | (0.7) | − 0.2 | – | 0.1 | 0.346 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 | (0.2) | 1.5 | (0.3) | − 0.1 | – | 0.1 | 0.689 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.8 | (0.5) | 0.8 | (0.3) | − 0.2 | – | 0.2 | 0.771 |
| NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.48 | (0.15) | 0.43 | (0.17) | − 0.03 | – | 0.12 | 0.235 |
| TP (g/dL) | 7.2 | (0.4) | 7.2 | (0.5) | − 0.1 | – | 0.1 | 0.647 |
| CK (U/L) | 173.9 | (96.9) | 146.5 | (66.3) | − 0.6 | – | 55.5 | 0.036 |
Values are mean (SD, standard deviations) for n = 18 (insulin) and n = 19 (all others). Means were compared using generalised estimating equations.
Total GLP-1 total glucagon-like peptide-1, GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, Total-C total cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, TP total protein, CK creatine kinase.