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. 2024 Mar 30;14:171. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02866-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Probability in first-degree relatives across disorders displayed as relative risk (RR) compared to the lifetime risk present in the general population. Genetically predicted risks were computed using published methods and in two independent analyses, using either family-based or twin-based heritability, both of which are compared here with observed risk estimates from published population-based studies. The risks observed clinically were systematically higher than those predicted on the basis of the genetic overlap. Note that the risk ratios are valid in both directions from one disorder to another (RR_{diagnosis1|diagnosis2} = RR_{diagnosis2|diagnosis1}).