Table 1. Five domains model of animal welfare (Mellor & Beausoleil, 2015).

Nutrition		Environment		Health		Behavior		Mental states
Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
Availability and opportunity to drink or live in clean water and eat an appropriate diet	Restriction on water and food intake. Unavailability of quality food and water.	Availability of species-specific environmental conditions (space, air, odour, light, noise, temperature etc.).	Unsuitable environments (thermal extremes, close confinements, pollution, inappropriate light, odor, noise etc.).	Absence of diseases, injuries and functional impairments. Appropriate body condition and proper fitness.	Presence of acute and chronic diseases, poor body condition, lack of medical facilities etc.	Ability to express species-specific behavior, availability of enriched and engaging choices, allowed for sufficient rest and sleep.	Restricted choices, limitations on sleep and rest, restrictions on threat avoidance, escape or defensive activity.	Pleasure to drink and eat. Thermal, physical, respiratory, olfactory, auditory and visual comfort. Positive mental states.	Thirst and hunger. Thermal (chilling, overeating), physical (joint pain, skin irritation, muscle tension and stiffness), respiratory (breathlessness), olfactory, auditory (impairment and pain), and visual discomfort. Negative mental states such as pain, fear or stress.