Table 2.
Comparison of Clinical Characteristics between the Participants with FD Alone, FD-NERD Overlap, or NERD Alone and the Control Participants
| Control (n=2,831) | FD or NERD | p value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FD alone (n=73) | FD-NERD overlap (n=84) | NERD alone (n=97) | FD alone vs. Control | FD-NERD overlap vs. Control | NERD alone vs. Control | |||
| Age, mean (SD) (years) | 48.9 (9.2) | 45.8 (9.0) | 49.1 (8.0)a | 49.9 (9.5) | 0.0051 | 0.835 | 0.286 | |
| Age group (years) | 0.037 | 0.545 | 0.403 | |||||
| 39≥ (%) | 430 (15.2) | 16 (21.9) | 9 (10.7) | 12 (12.4) | ||||
| 40-49 (%) | 1,149 (40.6) | 37 (50.7) | 38 (45.2) | 35 (36.1) | ||||
| 50-59 (%) | 872 (30.8) | 14 (19.2) | 28 (33.3) | 32 (33.0) | ||||
| 60≤ (%) | 380 (13.4) | 6 (8.2) | 9 (10.7) | 18 (18.6) | ||||
| Female (%) | 1,310 (46.3) | 46 (63.0) | 51 (60.7)d | 29 (29.9) | 0.0046 | 0.0089 | 0.0015 | |
| BMI, mean (SD) (kg/m2) | 22.4 (3.1) | 21.0 (2.7) | 22.0 (3.9) | 23.0 (3.4) | <0.0001 | 0.318 | 0.096 | |
| BMI category | c | 0.0070 | 0.0001 | 0.172 | ||||
| 18.5> (%) | 212 (7.5) | 12 (16.4) | 17 (20.2) | 6 (6.2) | ||||
| 18.5-25 (%) | 2,126 (75.1) | 54 (74.0) | 55 (65.5) | 67 (69.1) | ||||
| 25≤ (%) | 493 (17.4) | 7 (9.6) | 12 (14.3) | 24 (24.7) | ||||
| Current smoking (%) | 414 (14.6) | 8 (11.0) | 14 (15.9) | 17 (17.5) | 0.380 | 0.602 | 0.428 | |
| Alcohol consumption ≥20 g/day (%) | 586 (20.7) | 12 (16.4) | 21 (25.0)b | 38 (39.2) | 0.374 | 0.339 | <0.0001 | |
| Hiatal hernia (%) | 661 (23.4) | 12 (16.4) | 21 (25.0) | 31 (32.0) | 0.167 | 0.725 | 0.0497 | |
| STAI score, mean (SD) | 41.8 (9.7) | 49.8 (9.8) | 47.4 (11.8) | 44.1 (10.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.042 | |
| High STAI score level (%) | 1,084 (38.3) | 52 (71.2) | 50 (59.5) | 48 (49.5) | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.026 | |
| Use of NSAIDs | 19 (0.67) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0.400 | 0.444 | 1.00 | |
| Use of low-dose aspirin | 26 (0.92) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.237 | |
| Use of oral hypoglycemic agents | 51 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.1) | 0.639 | 0.403 | 0.424 | |
| FD subtypes | e | |||||||
| Pure PDS (%) | 44 (60.3) | 23 (27.4) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Pure EPS (%) | 22 (30.1) | 34 (40.5) | 0 (0) | |||||
| PDS-EPS overlap (%) | 7 (9.6) | 27 (32.1) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Frequency of acid reflux symptoms | f | |||||||
| 1 day a week (%) | 0 (0) | 25 (29.8) | 57 (58.8) | |||||
| 2-6 days a week (%) | 0 (0) | 50 (59.5) | 35 (36.1) | |||||
| every day (%) | 0 (0) | 9 (10.7) | 5 (5.2) | |||||
FD: functional dyspepsia, NERD: nonerosive reflux disease, SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index, STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
ap<0.05 versus FD alone, bp<0.05 versus NERD alone, cp<0.01 versus NERD alone, dp<0.0001 versus NERD alone, ep<0.0001 versus FD alone, fp<0.0005 versus NERD alone