Figure 4. The generation of autoimmune responses against melanocytes in vitiligo.

Vitiligo depigmentation arises from an exaggerated immune system reaction targeting melanocytes. The most probable cause involves a complex interplay of immune cells and immuno-genetic factors. Specifically, abnormalities in T cell subsets and changes in melanocyte antigens may lead to heightened autoreactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, along with the production of autoantibodies against melanocytes. While the precise triggering factors for autoimmunity in vitiligo patients remain uncertain, physical trauma and oxidative stress on melanocytes are implicated as potential contributors.