| Dietary Recommendation |
Advantages/Disadvantages |
| Breast milk versus formula |
Infants who are breastfed have substantially greater amounts of actinobacterial germs. Breastfeeding affects the variety of the gut microbiota by promoting the colonization of genera such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [40]. In contrast, infants who are fed formula frequently experience colonization of the stomach by the bacterial class -Proteobacteria, which contains several proinflammatory species [41]. Additionally, the opportunists Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile as well as members of the phylum Bacteroides are more likely to invade infants who are fed formula [42]. Levels of oligosaccharides and different fatty acids in breast milk have a good impact on the gut microbiome and its metabolites, which help fight allergies and asthma by activating Tregs [43]. |
| Diets high and low in fat |
High trans-fat diets may lead to inflammation and skin irritation [44]. alcohol and high-fat diets can exacerbate skin inflammation and slow wound healing [45]. Low-fat diets may reduce gut bacteria diversity and increase systemic inflammation. |
| Protein-rich diet |
The skin can be protected from aging and can speed up the healing of wounds with a high-collagen peptide diet, which contains large amounts of microorganisms [46]. When whey and pea protein extracts are included in the diet, the prevalence of pathogenic Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens decreases while the abundance of gut-commensal taxa, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, increases [47]. SCFA levels, which are vital for maintaining the mucosal barrier, are raised in the intestinal mucosa when pea proteins are consumed [48]. |
| Fiber-rich diet |
Consuming whole grains, particularly those rich in dietary fiber, increases the populations of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus/Enterococcus [49]. Foods containing complex carbohydrates can be converted into soluble fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation by the gut microbiome [50]. SCFAs enhance mucosal immunity, modulate respiratory diseases, prevent inflammatory disorders, regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, and inhibit metabolic by-products [51]. SCFAs also play a role in Foxp3 (Forkhead box protein P3) expression, regulating Treg function and enhancing regulatory T cell function. SCFAs can, in addition, influence skin microbial groups, affecting immune defense mechanisms and promoting skin homeostasis. |
| Antibiotics |
By eliminating or preventing the growth of particular microbial groups and altering the molecular patterns linked to the microbiome, antibiotics have the potential to alter the makeup and functionality of the gut microbiome [52]. When used orally to treat skin wounds, vancomycin, for instance, decreased bacterial diversity and the expression of the regeneration gene III gamma (RegIII), potentially slowing the healing process [53]. |
| Probiotics |
Probiotics can prevent gut colonization by pathogens and support anti-inflammatory responses [54]. Common probiotic microbes include Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, and Streptococcus [55]. Probiotic consumption has been shown to improve skin sensitivity, restore barrier function, and prevent dermatological diseases. Studies have shown that probiotics can improve skin health in patients with acne vulgaris, rosacea, and atopic dermatitis [56]. |
