Table 4.
Mean difference (95% CI; p value) or risk ratio (95% CI) between intervention and control groups
| Outcome measures | Difference between groups (baseline adjusted) or risk ratio | ||
| Month 3 minus month 0 (n=556) | Month 6 minus month 0 (n=540) | Month 12 minus month 0 (n=509) | |
| Intervention minus control or intervention relative to control | Intervention minus control or intervention relative to control | Intervention minus control or intervention relative to control | |
| CPM from accelerometer | Not assessed | 21.34 (3.66 to 39.03; 0.02)* | 5.32 (−21.23 to 31.87; 0.70)† |
| Daily steps | Not assessed | 649 (283 to 1015; <0.001) | 461 (26 to 895; 0.04) |
| IPEQ (hours/week) | |||
| Incidental activity | −1.15 (−3.28 to 0.98; 0.29) | −0.71 (−3.00 to 1.59; 0.55) | 0.80 (−2.05 to 3.65; 0.58) |
| Walking activity | 0.96 (0.19 to 1.72; 0.02) | 0.91 (0.18 to 1.65; 0.01) | 1.13 (0.51 to 1.75; <0.001) |
| Planned activity | 1.41 (0.45 to 2.36; 0.004) | 0.88 (0.08 to 1.70;0.032) | 1.33 (0.38 to 2.28; 0.006) |
| Planned walking activities | 0.74 (0.10 to 1.38; 0.02) | 0.57 (0.95 to 1.05; 0.02) | 0.83 (0.28 to 1.39; 0.003) |
| Planned sport activities | 0.55 (−0.56 to 1.16; 0.08) | 0.35 (−0.20 to 0.90; 0.22) | 0.56 (−0.001 to 1.11; 0.05) |
| Total score | 0.12 (−2.03 to 2.28; 0.91) | 0.16 (−2.40 to 2.73; 0.89) | 2.13 (−0.55 to 4.84; 0.12) |
| Device-measured sedentary, light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) | |||
| Sedentary (min/week)‡ | Not assessed | 7.66 (−12.87 to 28.20; 0.46) | 22.28 (−7.05 to 51.60; 0.14) |
| Light intensity (min/week)‡ | Not assessed | 11.91 (−1.21 to 25.04; 0.08) | 7.45 (−4.36 to 19.26; 0.22) |
| MVPA (min/week)‡ | Not assessed | 29.73 (10.97 to 48.48; 0.002) | 7.68 (−19.74 to 35.09; 0.56) |
| Meet recommendation of 150 min/week of MVPA§ | Not assessed | 1.21 (0.94 to 1.56; 0.14) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.36; 0.83) |
| COMPAS-W (raw score 26–130)‡ | 1.13 (−0.07 to 2.33; 0.07) | 1.68 (0.38 to 2.98; 0.01) | 1.25 (−0.02 to 2.52; 0.05) |
| EQ-5D-5L quality of life | |||
| Health utility score (−0.68 to 1) |
0.03 (0.01 to 0.05; 0.005) | 0.03 (0.005 to 0.05; 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.005 to 0.04; 0.12) |
| VAS score (0–100) | 1.25 (−0.48 to 2.98; 0.16) | 1.39 (−0.78 to 3.56; 0.21) | 2.10 (0.34 to 3.85; 0.02) |
| WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (raw score 12–60)¶ | −0.26 (−0.78 to 0.27; 0.34) | −0.61 (−1.23 to 0.01; 0.05) | −0.67 (−1.29 to −0.05; 0.04) |
| Australian Dietary Guidelines | |||
| Number of vegetable serves | −0.39 (−0.58 to −0.19; 0.00) | −0.23 (−0.47 to 0.002; 0.05) | −0.23 (−0.44 to −0.03; 0.03) |
| Number of fruit serves | −0.12 (−0.28 to 0.03; 0.11) | −0.15 (−0.31 to 0.02; 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.16 to 0.13; 0.84) |
| BMI | Not assessed | −0.05 (−0.36 to 0.25; 0.74) | 0.25 (−0.02 to 0.53; 0.07) |
| Falls Efficacy Scale (7−28)¶ | −0.29 (−0.67 to 0.08; 0.13) | −0.26 (−0.58 to 0.06; 0.12) | −0.36 (−0.74 to 0.03; 0.07) |
| PANAS Scale (10−50) | |||
| Positive Affect score | −0.12 (−1.22 to 0.99; 0.84) | 0.81 (−0.29 to 1.92; 0.15) | 0.83 (−0.32 to 1.99; 0.16) |
| Negative Affect score | 0.17 (−0.48 to 0.83; 0.60) | 0.24 (−0.45 to 0.94; 0.49) | −0.05 (−0.71 to 0.60; 0.87) |
| Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (10−100)‡ | 0.15 (−1.24 to 1.55; 0.83) | 1.56 (−0.04 to 3.17; 0.06) | 1.28 (−0.06 to 2.61; 0.06) |
| Risk-taking behaviour (5−20)** | 0.12 (−0.14 to 0.39; 0.36) | 0.21 (−0.08 to 0.50; 0.15) | −0.15 (−0.46 to 0.15; 0.33) |
Bold row=co-primary outcome.
*n=515.
†n=488.
‡Accelerometer-based measures.
§Risk ratio.
¶Lower scores indicate better performance.
**Higher scores indicate lower levels of concerning about falls.
BMI, body mass index; COMPAS-W, Composite Scale of Wellbeing; CPM, counts per minute; IPEQ, Incidental and Planned Exercise Questionnaire; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Positive Affect subscale score); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.