| Babinski sign |
The examiner strokes the sole of the foot with a blunt object, from the heel towards the toes |
Upgoing toe sign of great toe |
33% |
92% |
| Hoffmann sign |
The examiner lightly holds the patient’s phalanx while flicking the middle finger’s nail downward, enabling it to reflexively flick back upward |
Quick flexion and adduction of the thumb and/or index finger on the same hand |
44% |
75% |
| Tromner sign |
With the patient’s hand positioned at the level of the proximal phalanges, the examiner taps the endmost phalanx of a relaxed finger, typically the middle finger, on its palmar side |
Significant flexion in terminal phalanx that was tapped; flexion is very asymmetrical comparing both hands |
45% |
95% |
| Finger escape sign (9,10) |
Patient is asked to extend and adduct their fingers and maintain that position for a minute |
Small and ring fingers fall into flexion and abduction |
55% |
100% |
| Lhermitte sign |
Ask patient to flex their neck |
Shooting electric sensation traveling down the spine is felt |
3% |
97% |
| Crossed radial reflex |
A bicep reflex test |
Extension of both the wrist and biceps |
44% |
71% |
| Inverted radial reflex |
Tapping of the brachioradialis |
Finger flexion and wrist extension |
61% |
78% |
| Grip test |
Patient is asked to make a fist as if they are about to grip an object |
Weakness or inability to make a tight fist |
38–56% |
80–92% |
| Gait abnormality |
The examiner asks the patient to walk and the clinician observes gait from different angles |
Wide based gait, spastic gait, or ataxia are observed |
19% |
94% |
