Table 2.
Summary of studies included in the systematic review (N=24)
| Study | Study Design | Sample Size (N) | Inclusion Criteria | Age: Mean (SD) | Female Gender: N (%) | Latino Ethnicity: N (%) | Response Rate (%) | Outcomes and their measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ayalon & Arean (2004) | Quantitative | 193 | ≥ 55 years, speak English or Spanish | 67.45 (6.7) | 74 (38.3%) | 37 (19.2%) | Not Reported | Knowledge of AD: 17 true-false questions (nature, consequence, cure) |
| Ayalon (2013) | Quantitative | 1230 | ≥ 50 years and their spouse of any age. The Health and Retirement Study | 30.7% over age 75 | 709 (57.6%) | 120 (9.8%) “representative of US population” | Not Reported | Concerns, knowledge, and beliefs about AD. 13 questions: true-false and Likert scale |
| Cabrera, et al. (2021) | Qualitative | 29 | 40–60 years old, native Spanish speakers. Puerto Ricans or Mexicans living in the Grand Rapids area. | range: 39–60 | 20 (69.0%) | 29 (100%) | Not Reported | Semi-structured focus group discussion guide: (a) knowledge, attitudes, beliefs concerns around AD and its prevention, and resources available for its care; (b) perceptions and attitudes around care related to AD; (c) ethical issues related to Latinos and AD. |
| Carpenter, et al. (2011) | Quantitative | 763 | Community-dwelling older adults without cognitive impairment (n = 89), professionals involved in dementia research and service provision (n = 75), senior center staff (n =61), caregivers of people with dementia (n = 54), and undergraduate students (n = 484). | 36.08 (22.55) | 532 (70.0%) | 89 (12%) | Not Reported | Knowledge of AD: ADKS (etiology, risk factors, assessment and diagnosis, symptomatology, course, treatment and management, and caregiving) |
| Chung, et al. (2009) | Quantitative Descriptive | 778 | ≥ 50 years and their spouse of any age. The Health and Retirement Study | 68 (31–96); 87.2% >50 y.o. | 414 (53.2%) | 47 (6.0%) | Not Reported | Perceived risk of AD. 2–3 questions based on hypothetical scenario. |
| Connell, et al. (2007) | Quantitative | 1176 | ≥ 35 years old, English-speaking | 55.1 (13.2) | 593 (50.4%) | 303 (25.8%) | 31.90% | Knowledge and beliefs about AD, (2) concern about AD and other prevalent chronic diseases, and (3) self-reported lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of AD and other diseases. 10 Likert scale questions. |
| Cuevas & Zuniga (2021) | Qualitative | 30 | 50–70 years old, identify as Latinx, have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for at least 2 years | 66 (4.3) | Not Reported | 30 (100%) | Not Reported | Perspectives on cognitive health. 11 open-ended questions (terms for cognition; cognitive concerns; cognitively stimulating activities; modifiable health factors; terms, concerns, and knowledge specific to ethnicity; the effect of cognitive changes on diabetes self-management) |
| Edwards, et al. (2000) | Quantitative | 527 | ≥ 60 years old, community dwelling older adults | 74 (8) | 321 (61%) | 26 (5%) | 63% | Misconceptions of AD. 3 Likert scale questions. |
| Friedman, et al. (2011) | Qualitative | 396 | ≥ 50 years old, community dwelling, did not report cognitive impairment. The Healthy Brain Study: 42 focus groups (2 with Latinos) | 71.0 (9.3) | 297 (74.9%) | 10 (2.5%) | Not Reported | 9-item focus group discussion guide. Perceptions about the roles of mental exercise, social activity, and positive attitude in maintaining cognitive health. |
| Friedman, et al. (2013) | Quantitative | 4728 | ≥ 18 years old | 46.4 (18–99) | 2435 (51.5%) | 633 (13.4%) | 72.70% | Perceptions related to beliefs and communication practices about lifestyle behaviors beneficial for overall health and for maintaining cognitive functioning. 5 multiple choice questions. |
| Karlawish, et al. (2011) | Qualitative Free-listing | 120 | Four groups defined by their self-identified ethnicity and caregiver status: Latino or non-Latino Whites who were either caregivers or noncaregivers (1 group of 30 Latino noncaregivers) | 60.0 (12.1) | 93 (77.5%) | 60 (50%) | Not Reported | Perceptions and knowledge of AD. 4 free-listing exercises (symptoms, causes) |
| Laditka, et al. (2009) | Qualitative | 396 | ≥ 50 years old, community dwelling, did not report cognitive impairment. The Healthy Brain Study: 42 focus groups (2 with Latinos) | 71.0 (9.3) | 297 (74.9%) | 10 (2.5%) | Not Reported | 9-item focus group discussion guide. Perspectives about aging well, in context of cognitive health. |
| Laditka, et al. (2011) | Qualitative | 396 | ≥ 50 years old, community dwelling, did not report cognitive impairment. The Healthy Brain Study: 42 focus groups (2 with Latinos) | 71.0 (9.3) | 297 (74.9%) | 10 (2.5%) | Not Reported | 9-item focus group discussion guide. Concerns about cognitive function and memory. |
| Laditka, et al. (2013) | Qualitative | 396 | ≥ 50 years old, community dwelling, did not report cognitive impairment. The Healthy Brain Study: 42 focus groups (2 with Latinos) | 71.0 (9.3) | 297 (74.9%) | 10 (2.5%) | Not Reported | 9-item focus group discussion guide. Perceptions of others who currently experience cognitive impairment, or did so in the past. |
| Light, et al. (2022) | Qualitative | 30 | ≥ 60 years old, first-generation Latin American immigrants, monolingual Spanish-speakers. Global Brain Health Initiative project. | 76.37 (7.7) | 30 (66.7%) | 30 (100%) | Not Reported | Semi-structured interview guide. Knowledge, perspectives, and attitudes about the brain, brain health, and aging, and where that knowledge was acquired. |
| Milani, et al. (2020) | Quantitative | 842 | ≥ 50 years old | 62.4 (8.3) | 525 (62.3%) | 104 (12.4%) | Not Reported | Knowledge of AD: Abbreviated ADKS (risk factors, assessment and diagnosis, symptoms, life course, and treatment and management) |
|
Nadeau, et al. (2017)
[Master’s Thesis] |
Quantitative | 86 | Born between 1946 and 1964, with the ability to read and understand the English language | Not Reported | 55 (64.0%) | 4 (4.7%) | Not Reported | Knowledge of AD: ADKS (etiology, risk factors, assessment and diagnosis, symptomatology, course, treatment and management, and caregiving) |
| Roberts, et al. (2015) | Qualitative | 75 | ≥ 55 years old. 6 focus groups (two with 22 Latinos; one group was done in Spanish). | 55–78 | 45 (60%) | 22 (29.3%) | Not Reported | Semi-structured interview guide. Attitudes and beliefs related to cognitive illness, culture, and aging. |
|
Rodriguez & Gatz (2011) [Master’s Thesis] |
Mixed Methods | 40 | ≥ 18 years old, self-identified Hispanic/Latino race/ethnicity, speak English and/or Spanish, and had the ability to travel to the Senior Services Division of the International Institute of Los Angeles. | 47.75 (14.75) | 29 (72.5%) | 40 (100%) | Not Reported | Knowledge of AD: ADKS (etiology, risk factors, assessment and diagnosis, symptomatology, course, treatment and management, and caregiving) |
| Sharkey, et al. (2009) | Qualitative | 33 | Mexican American colonia residents, ≥55 years old, Spanish as preferred language | 39.4% 50–64 y.o.; 36.4% 75+ y.o. | 25 (75.8%) | 30 (90.9%) | Not Reported | 9-item focus group discussion guide (from The Healthy Brain Study). Perspectives on cognitive health, and how they may be motivated to improve lifestyle behaviors to maintain it. |
| Van Liew, et al. (2014) | Quantitative | 974 | ≥18 years or older in Balboa Park, San Diego; understand written and spoken English | 30% 18–30 y.o.; 31% 31–50 y.o.; 28.6% 51–65 y.o.; 10.4% 66+ y.o | 511 (52.5%) | 113 (11.6%) | Not Reported | Concern and perceived risk of AD. 10 Likert scale questions in response to vignette. |
| Weiner-Light, et al. (2021) | Qualitative | 30 | ≥ 60 years old, first-generation Latin American immigrants, monolingual Spanish-speakers. Global Brain Health Initiative project. | 76.37 (7.73) | 30 (66.7%) | 30 (100%) | Not Reported | Semi-structured interview guide. Knowledge, perspectives, and attitudes about the brain, brain health, and aging, and where that knowledge was acquired. |
| Wilcox, et al. (2009) | Qualitative | 396 | ≥ 50 years old, community dwelling, did not report cognitive impairment. The Healthy Brain Study: 42 focus groups (2 with Latinos) | 71.0 (9.3) | 297 (74.9%) | 10 (2.5%) | Not Reported | 9-item focus group discussion guide. Awareness and attitudes about several topics related to brain health, brain disorders, and the behaviors that have been associated with maintaining brain health. |
| Williams, et al. (2010) | Qualitative | 119 | Attended a memory screening event, English-speaking or bilingual English-Spanish adults | 68.81 (11.49) | 95 (79.8%) | 33 (27.7%) | Not Reported | 5 item structured interview guide. Perspectives on screening and intentions to pursue diagnostic testing if they had positive screening results. |
ADKS = Alzheimer’s disease knowledge scale
N = number of participants
SD = Standard deviation