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Course of a patient with congenital scoliosis and concave fused ribs before (a) and during (b) Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR) treatment. After frustrating lengthening attempts due to spontaneous stiffening of the spine and thorax over time, final fusion surgery had to be performed before reaching skeletal maturity (c). (d) Follow-up x-ray 3 years after conversion to final fusion.
