Table 3. Multiple sclerosis (MS) participant characteristics.
| Study | Inclusion | Exclusion | Sample size | Diagnosis | MS Type | Females | Age | EDSS | Disease duration | Lesion location | Medication/drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beer, Rösler & Hess (1995) | Suspected MS, admitted to inpatient neurology department |
Pacemaker, seizure, intracranial neurosurgery, increased intracranial pressure, Any neurologic disorder, Age < 16 years |
142 | Poser et al. (1983) | NR | 80 | 37 (16–66) | NR | 2.9 (0–25) | Periventricular, Infratentorial |
NR |
| Caramia et al. (2004) | Definite RMS, active or inactive, EDSS 0–3, ≥ 2 relapses |
NR | 79 | McDonald et al. (2001) | 47 inactive RMS, 32 active RMS |
39 inactive RMS, 27 active RMS |
Inactive RMS 37.8 (20–55), Active RMS 35.1 (18–52) |
Inactive RMS 1 (0–2), Active RMS 2 (1–3) |
Inactive RMS 4.5 (1–15), Active RMS 4.1 (1–11) |
Centrum semiovale, subcortical | None |
| Cruz-Martínez et al. (2000) | Definite MS | Pacemaker, seizure, or intracranial neurosurgery | 50 | Poser et al. (1983) | NR | 31 | 31.9 (15–58) | NR | 4.2 (0–15) | 98% subcortical, internal capsule, mesencephalon, pons, 86% sensory pathways, 67% cervical spinal cord, 62% cerebellum, 44% brainstem, 40% optic radiations |
NR |
| Facchetti et al. (1997) | Definite MS, outpatients at neurology clinic |
PPMS, probable MS, or possible MS | 53 | Poser et al. (1983) | 40 RMS, 13 SPMS |
30 RMS, 10 SPMS |
RMS 36 ± 10, SPMS 40 ± 7.4 |
RMS 2 ± 1, SPMS 5 ± 1 |
RMS 8.1 ± 7.5, SPMS 11.8 ± 5.8 |
Subcortical | NR |
| Hess et al. (1987) | Definite, probable, or possible MS, referred for neurophysiological investigation or admitted to inpatient neurology department |
Pacemaker, seizure, intracranial neurosurgery | 83 | Poser et al. (1983) | NR | NR | 41.4 (18–68) | NR | 8.3 (0–33) | NR | NR |
| Jung et al. (2006) | Definite or possible MS, inactive disease for ≥6 weeks, EDSS ≤ 4 |
NR | 49 | McDonald et al. (2001) | 49 inactive RMS | 27 | 35.2 (23–54) | 1.5 (0–4) | 1 ± 1.5 | 79% corpus callosum, supratentorial, brainstem, cerebellum | Interferon Beta, Glatiramer Acetate No steroids |
| Kale et al. (2009) | Definite MS, inactive disease, outpatients at neurology clinic |
Pacemaker, seizure, intracranial neurosurgery, head trauma, other metallic implant, Active disease in ≤8 weeks |
131 | Poser et al. (1983) | 73 inactive RMS, 43 inactive SPMS, 15 inactive PPMS |
111 | 36 ± 8 | 66 participants 0–2, 33 participants 2–4, 32 participants >4 |
NR | NR | No steroids |
| Kale, Agaoglu & Tanik (2010) | Definite MS, inactive RMS or SPMS outpatients at neurology clinic |
Pacemaker, seizure, intracranial neurosurgery, head trauma, other metallic implant, Active disease in ≤8 weeks |
79 | McDonald et al. (2001) | 60 inactive RMS, 19 inactive SPMS |
51 | 35.3 ± 7.6 | 41 participants 0–2, 19 participants 2–4, 19 participants > 4 |
32 participants <5, 31 participants 5–10, 16 participants >10 |
39% corpus callosum atrophy | No steroids |
| Kandler et al. (1991) | Definite, probable, possible, or suspected MS | Pacemaker, seizure, intracranial neurosurgery | 162 | McDonald & Halliday (1977) | NR | 112 | 38 (16–75) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Leocani et al. (2006) | Definite MS, inactive disease, outpatients at neurology clinic, complete neurologic exam and evoked potentials <3 weeks apart |
Active disease in ≤2 months | 84 | Poser et al. (1983) | 43 inactive RMS, 28 inactive SPMS, 13 inactive PPMS |
28 inactive RMS, 18 inactive SPMS, 5 inactive PPMS |
Inactive RMS 33.7 ± 9.4, Inactive SPMS 41 ± 9.5, Inactive PPMS 43.8 ± 6.9 |
Inactive RMS 3 (1–6), Inactive SPMS 5 (2.5–8), Inactive PPMS 5.5 (2–6.5) |
Inactive RMS 7.1 ± 5.9, Inactive SPMS 9.4 ± 7.1, Inactive PPMS 4.5 ± 5.5 |
NR | No steroids |
| Magistris et al. (1999) | Definite, probable, or suspected MS, referred for neurophysiological investigation |
NR | 116 | Poser et al. (1983) | NR | NR | 39 (17–76) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Mayr et al. (1991) | Definite MS | NR | 44 | Poser et al. (1983) | NR | 31 | 37.8 | NR | 7.9 | NR | NR |
| Pisa et al. (2020) | Definite PrMS, diagnosed ≥12 months prior, admitted for neurorehabilitation, referred for neuromodulation/neurorehabilitation, inactive disease for ≥6 months, EDSS 4–6.5, Pyramidal functional systems score ≥3, cerebellar score ≤2, and cerebral score <2 |
Pacemaker, seizure, intracranial neurosurgery, head trauma, other metallic implant, stroke, pregnancy, Comorbidity affecting ambulation, Recent botulinum toxin treatment |
50 | Revised McDonald (2010), Polman et al. (2011) | 32 inactive SPMS, 18 inactive PPMS |
27 | 49.4 ± 7.5 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | ≥1 | NR | No steroids |
| Ravnborg et al. (1992) | Suspected MS, admitted to inpatient neurology department |
Any neurologic disorder | 68 | Poser et al. (1983) | 40 diagnosed as MS, 28 diagnosed as no MS | 38 | 40 (18–63) | NR | 1 (0–20) | Corticospinal tract, periventricular, subcortical, cerebellum | NR |
| Schmierer et al. (2000) | Definite MS | NR | 50 | Poser et al. (1983) | 50 RMS | 32 | 33 (16–52) | 2 (0–4.5) | 2.4 (1–6) | 88% middle/posterior corpus callosum, 69% pericallosal, 56% anterior corpus callosum |
NR |
| Schmierer et al. (2002) | Definite MS, no active disease for ≥3 months |
NR | 118 | Poser et al. (1983) | 96 inactive RMS, 19 inactive PPMS, 3 inactive SPMS |
76 | 37 (16–65) | 2.9 (0–6.5) | 4.9 (1–21) | NR | No steroids |
| Tataroglu et al. (2003) | Definite MS, inactive disease, outpatients at neurology clinic |
Any neurologic or systemic disease | 50 | McDonald et al. (2001) | 37 RMS, 21 PrMS, |
38 | RMS 28.6 (17–49), PrMS 42.2 (26-56) |
RMS 1.7 ± 1.2, PrMS 4.5 ± 1.9 |
6.7 (1–22) | 82% periventricular/corpus callosum, 12% brainstem and periventricular, 7% brainstem and cervical spinal cord |
No steroids |
Notes:
Age and disease duration are reported in years. Continuous data are expressed as median (range) or mean ± standard deviation. DMT, disease modifying therapy; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; MS, multiple sclerosis; NR, not reported; PPMS, primary progressive multiple sclerosis; PrMS, progressive MS; SPMS, secondary progressive MS.