Table 6. Biomarker assessment.
| Study | Process-specific classification | Methodologic quality | Clinical utility | Clinical usefulness | Biomarker validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beer, Rösler & Hess (1995) | Axonal damage | N | U | N | N |
| Caramia et al. (2004) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | N | N | N |
| Cruz-Martínez et al. (2000) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | Y | N | N |
| Facchetti et al. (1997) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | U | U | N |
| Hess et al. (1987) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | U | N | N |
| Jung et al. (2006) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | N | N | N |
| Kale et al. (2009) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | U | N | N |
| Kale, Agaoglu & Tanik (2010) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | U | U | N |
| Kandler et al. (1991) | Demyelination | N | U | N | N |
| Leocani et al. (2006) | Demyelination, axonal damage, remyelination |
N | U | U | N |
| Magistris et al. (1999) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | U | N | N |
| Mayr et al. (1991) | Demyelination | U | U | N | N |
| Pisa et al. (2020) | Demyelination | N | U | U | N |
| Ravnborg et al. (1992) | Demyelination | N | U | N | N |
| Schmierer et al. (2000) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | U | N | N |
| Schmierer et al. (2002) | Demyelination, axonal damage |
N | U | N | N |
| Tataroglu et al. (2003) | Demyelination, excitotoxicity, axonal damage |
N | U | N | N |
Note:
H, high; L, low; N, no; U, uncertain. See ref: (Bielekova & Martin, 2004).