. 2024 Jan 6;20(3):1988–1999. doi: 10.1002/alz.13652

TABLE 4.

Longitudinal change of biomarkers in relation to incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD).

	Model 1 ^a				Model 2 ^b
Inc. MCI or AD vs. CU	B ^c	95% CI Lower Upper		P ^c	B ^c	95% CI Lower Upper		P ^c
P‐tau181	0.004	−0.002	0.010	0.202	0.005	−0.002	0.011	0.156
NfL	0.002	−0.003	0.007	0.368	0.002	−0.004	0.007	0.575
GFAP	0.003	−0.002	0.008	0.258	0.003	−0.003	0.008	0.335
Aβ42/Aβ40	−0.003	−0.006	0.000	0.080	−0.004	−0.007	0.000	0.055
P‐tau181/AB42	0.003	−0.003	0.010	0.343	0.003	−0.004	0.010	0.358
PCA1	0.022	0.001	0.043	0.040	0.016	−0.007	0.039	0.181
PCA2	−0.032	−0.055	−0.009	0.007	−0.036	−0.062	−0.011	0.005

*Inc. dem vs. CU*	B	95% CI Lower Upper		P	B	95% CI Lower Upper		P
P‐tau181	0.0004	−0.008	0.009	0.919	−0.001	−0.009	0.007	0.832
NfL	0.003	−0.007	0.012	0.569	0.001	−0.010	0.011	0.903
GFAP	0.006	−0.002	0.014	0.151	0.005	−0.004	0.014	0.266
Aβ42/Aβ40	−0.003	−0.007	0.002	0.263	−0.002	−0.008	0.003	0.358
P‐tau181/AB42	−0.005	−0.016	0.006	0.372	−0.005	−0.018	0.008	0.416
PCA1	0.013	−0.024	0.050	0.498	0.002	−0.040	0.045	0.910
PCA2	−0.028	−0.063	0.007	0.119	−0.027	−0.068	0.014	0.200

*Inc. MCI vs. CU*	B	95% CI Lower Upper		P	B	95% CI Lower Upper		P
P‐tau181	0.005	−0.002	0.012	0.159	0.006	−0.001	0.014	0.087
NfL	0.002	−0.003	0.008	0.439	0.002	−0.004	0.008	0.537
GFAP	0.002	−0.004	0.008	0.479	0.002	−0.004	0.008	0.508
Aβ42/Aβ40	−0.003	−0.006	0.001	0.109	−0.004	−0.008	0.000	0.055
P‐tau181/AB42	0.006	−0.001	0.012	0.114	0.006	−0.001	0.013	0.105
PCA1	0.025	0.002	0.047	0.033	0.020	−0.005	0.044	0.115
PCA2	−0.033	−0.058	−0.008	0.010	−0.039	−0.067	−0.012	0.005

Notes: PCA1 and PCA2 were derived from principal component analysis (PCA) using log‐transformed values of Aβ42/Aβ40, p‐tau181/Aβ42, NfL, and GFAP, with PCA1 having positive loadings on p‐tau181/Aβ42, NfL, GFAP, and PCA2 having positive loading on Aβ42/Aβ40 and negative loading on p‐tau181/Aβ42.

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid beta; APOE, apolipoprotein E; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CU, cognitively unimpaired; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; NfL, neurofilament light chain; p‐tau181, phosphorylated tau‐181.

^{^a}

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education.

^{^b}

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, APOE ε4, Charlson Comorbidity Index.

^{^c}

B values in the table indicate the beta coefficient for the interaction between the disease status x time, with time being the duration (years) between the first blood visit to the follow‐up blood visits. Significant interactions indicate the rate of biomarker change over time in incident MCI and/or AD patients differ from the rate in cognitive unimpaired (CU) participants.