TABLE 2.
Findings from regression analyses utilizing selected clinical features of periodontitis as exposures and MRI features (cerebral microbleeds; infarcts; white matter hyperintensity volume; hippocampal volume, entorhinal cortex volume and “AD signature”) as outcomes.
| Cerebral microbleeds | Infarcts | White matter hyperintensity volume | Hippocampal volume | Entorhinal cortex volume | AD signature | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tooth count | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.020 | 0.961 | −0.0237 | 0.0000 | 0.0084 | 0.0033 |
| Model 1 | 1.020 | 0.956 | −0.0210 | 0.0000 | 0.0061 | 0.0018 |
| Model 2 | 1.030 | 0.959 | −0.0186 | 0.0000 | 0.0060 | 0.0017 |
| Model 3 | 1.030 | 0.959 | −0.0185 | 0.0000 | 0.0060 | 0.0017 |
| CDC/AAP | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.926 | 1.107 | 0.1130 | 0.0000 | 0.0379 | −0.0140 |
| Model 1 | 0.917 | 1.125 | 0.0961 | 0.0000 | 0.0401 | −0.0051 |
| Model 2 | 0.926 | 1.205 | 0.0695 | 0.0000 | 0.0422 | −0.0038 |
| Model 3 | 0.917 | 1.206 | 0.0673 | 0.0000 | 0.0427 | −0.0034 |
| % teeth with PD≥4 mm | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.190 | 1.263 | 0.3700 | −0.0001 | −0.0597 | −0.0417 |
| Model 1 | 1.380 | 1.233 | 0.3570 | 0.0000 | −0.0851 | −0.0331 |
| Model 2 | 1.370 | 1.079 | 0.3040 | 0.0000 | −0.0784 | −0.0292 |
| Model 3 | 1.360 | 1.078 | 0.3040 | 0.0000 | −0.0784 | −0.0292 |
| % teeth with CAL≥4 mm | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.820 | 1.908 | 0.3880 | −0.0001 | −0.1239 | −0.0674 |
| Model 1 | 0.885 | 1.913 | 0.2917 | −0.0001 | −0.1085 | −0.0446 |
| Model 2 | 0.876 | 1.764 | 0.2421 | −0.0001 | −0.1042 | −0.0424 |
| Model 3 | 0.876 | 1.761 | 0.2421 | −0.0001 | −0.1042 | −0.0424 |
Note: For variable definitions, please see text. Values represent odds ratios for cerebral microbleeds and infarcts, and regression coefficients for all other continuous variables (regression coefficients of <0.0001 are reported as 0.0000).
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race, and education; Model 2 further adjusted for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and smoking; and Model 3 further adjusted for APOE4 genotype. Values are highlighted in color, if statistically significant. Green shades indicate “protective” associations with increasing levels of exposure, that is, a directional association towards a lower level of risk for ADRD, (e.g. lower odds for microbleeds/infarcts, less atrophy in the analyzed regions), while red shades indicate potentially “harmful” associations. Lighter color shades (green or red) indicate p < 0.05, darker color shades indicate p < 0.01.
Abbreviations: CAL, clinical attachment level; CDC/AAP, periodontal status according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) classification; PD, probing depth.