TABLE 4.
Findings from regression analyses utilizing mean bacterial on the genus level assessed through 16sRNA sequencing and the MRI features as outcomes
| Genus | Cerebral microbleeds | Infarcts | White matter hyperintensity volume | Hippocampal volume | Entorhinal cortex volume | AD signature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actinobacillus | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 0.996 | −0.00007 | 0.000000246 | 0.000522 | 0.000084 |
| Model 1 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.00031 | 0.000000000 | 0.000529 | 0.000043 |
| Model 2 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.00024 | −0.000000090 | 0.000515 | 0.000034 |
| Model 3 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.00032 | −0.000000122 | 0.000501 | 0.000024 |
| Actinomyces | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | 0.000000004 | −0.000005 | −0.000004 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000000 | −0.000007 | −0.000005 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | −0.000000003 | −0.000007 | −0.000005 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | −0.000000003 | −0.000007 | −0.000005 |
| Atopobium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00009 | −0.000000038 | −0.000025 | −0.000014 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00004 | 0.000000000 | −0.000004 | −0.000005 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00002 | −0.000000027 | −0.000003 | −0.000004 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00002 | −0.000000026 | −0.000002 | −0.000003 |
| Bacteroides | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.990 | 0.872 | −0.00049 | −0.000000716 | −0.001025 | −0.000138 |
| Model 1 | 0.987 | 0.866 | −0.00205 | −0.000001000 | −0.001298 | −0.000128 |
| Model 2 | 0.986 | 0.862 | −0.00225 | −0.000000919 | −0.001279 | −0.000107 |
| Model 3 | 0.987 | 0.860 | −0.00255 | −0.000000834 | −0.001249 | −0.000080 |
| Bifidobacterium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.00025 | 0.000000060 | −0.000050 | −0.000011 |
| Model 1 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.00026 | 0.000000000 | −0.000032 | −0.000006 |
| Model 2 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.00025 | 0.000000056 | −0.000032 | −0.000006 |
| Model 3 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.00026 | 0.000000053 | −0.000034 | −0.000007 |
| Bulleidia | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00021 | −0.000000024 | −0.000081 | −0.000023 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00019 | 0.000000000 | −0.000079 | −0.000023 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00018 | −0.000000036 | −0.000082 | −0.000024 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00017 | −0.000000031 | −0.000080 | −0.000023 |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000006 | 0.000010 | 0.000009 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00002 | 0.000000000 | 0.000008 | 0.000007 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00001 | 0.000000006 | 0.000008 | 0.000007 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00001 | 0.000000005 | 0.000007 | 0.000007 |
| Capnocytophaga | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00015 | −0.000000015 | 0.000023 | 0.000008 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00014 | 0.000000000 | 0.000021 | 0.000006 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00012 | −0.000000018 | 0.000021 | 0.000005 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00012 | −0.000000018 | 0.000020 | 0.000005 |
| Cardiobacterium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00039 | 0.000000002 | 0.000044 | 0.000031 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00037 | 0.000000000 | 0.000052 | 0.000037 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00036 | 0.000000002 | 0.000049 | 0.000035 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00035 | 0.000000001 | 0.000049 | 0.000035 |
| Catonella | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00021 | −0.000000149 | −0.000043 | −0.000035 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00029 | 0.000000000 | −0.000078 | −0.000044 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00037 | −0.000000124 | −0.000072 | −0.000039 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00034 | −0.000000121 | −0.000071 | −0.000038 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000005 | 0.000009 | 0.000002 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000000 | 0.000009 | 0.000002 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00002 | 0.000000004 | 0.000009 | 0.000002 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00002 | 0.000000004 | 0.000009 | 0.000002 |
| Filifactor | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00006 | 0.000000004 | −0.000012 | 0.000017 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00006 | 0.000000000 | −0.000010 | 0.000016 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00007 | −0.000000002 | −0.000008 | 0.000018 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00007 | −0.000000004 | −0.000009 | 0.000017 |
| Fusobacterium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | −0.000000002 | −0.000002 | 0.000000 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000000 | −0.000001 | 0.000000 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | −0.000000001 | −0.000001 | 0.000000 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | −0.000000001 | −0.000001 | 0.000000 |
| Granulicatella | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.006 | 1.009 | 0.00519 | 0.000000073 | 0.001169 | 0.000010 |
| Model 1 | 1.005 | 1.009 | 0.00478 | 0.000000000 | 0.001299 | 0.000132 |
| Model 2 | 1.005 | 1.009 | 0.00471 | 0.000000217 | 0.001327 | 0.000152 |
| Model 3 | 1.006 | 1.009 | 0.00449 | 0.000000311 | 0.001380 | 0.000180 |
| Lactobacillus | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.989 | 1.014 | −0.00002 | −0.000000151 | 0.000258 | −0.000106 |
| Model 1 | 0.988 | 1.013 | −0.00028 | 0.000000000 | 0.000285 | −0.000063 |
| Model 2 | 0.988 | 1.014 | −0.00018 | −0.000000066 | 0.000292 | −0.000062 |
| Model 3 | 0.988 | 1.014 | −0.00011 | −0.000000091 | 0.000280 | −0.000069 |
| Lautropia | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.978 | 0.997 | −0.00693 | −0.000000392 | 0.000334 | 0.000000 |
| Model 1 | 0.983 | 0.998 | −0.00638 | −0.000001000 | 0.000358 | 0.000062 |
| Model 2 | 0.983 | 1.001 | −0.00559 | −0.000001070 | 0.000291 | −0.000009 |
| Model 3 | 0.983 | 1.001 | −0.00541 | −0.000001140 | 0.000256 | −0.000030 |
| Leptotrichia | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00001 | 0.000000001 | 0.000002 | 0.000000 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00001 | 0.000000000 | 0.000002 | 0.000000 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00001 | 0.000000002 | 0.000002 | 0.000001 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00001 | 0.000000002 | 0.000002 | 0.000000 |
| Mogibacterium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 0.999 | 0.00006 | −0.000000085 | −0.000131 | −0.000036 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00001 | 0.000000000 | −0.000103 | −0.000026 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00003 | −0.000000099 | −0.000105 | −0.000027 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00007 | −0.000000084 | −0.000098 | −0.000023 |
| Moryella | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | 0.000000029 | 0.000008 | −0.000005 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00005 | 0.000000000 | 0.000011 | −0.000004 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00005 | 0.000000025 | 0.000011 | −0.000004 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00005 | 0.000000025 | 0.000011 | −0.000004 |
| Mycoplasma | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.999 | 0.990 | −0.00067 | 0.000000003 | 0.000175 | 0.000080 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.990 | −0.00095 | 0.000000000 | 0.000141 | 0.000057 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.990 | −0.00087 | −0.000000152 | 0.000145 | 0.000057 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.990 | −0.00085 | −0.000000142 | 0.000150 | 0.000060 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.970 | 0.946 | −0.00856 | −0.000000368 | 0.000088 | 0.000100 |
| Model 1 | 0.969 | 0.949 | −0.00881 | −0.000001000 | −0.000054 | −0.000069 |
| Model 2 | 0.970 | 0.952 | −0.00813 | −0.000000566 | −0.000129 | −0.000121 |
| Model 3 | 0.970 | 0.952 | −0.00806 | −0.000000596 | −0.000144 | −0.000130 |
| Oribacterium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00012 | −0.000000045 | −0.000002 | −0.000001 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00008 | 0.000000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000001 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00006 | −0.000000041 | 0.000000 | 0.000001 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00007 | −0.000000042 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 |
| Paludibacter | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00001 | 0.000000027 | 0.000006 | −0.000002 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000000 | 0.000012 | 0.000000 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000025 | 0.000012 | 0.000000 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | 0.000000026 | 0.000012 | 0.000000 |
| Parvimonas | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00002 | −0.000000006 | −0.000004 | −0.000002 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | 0.000000000 | −0.000004 | −0.000002 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00005 | −0.000000009 | −0.000005 | −0.000002 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00005 | −0.000000008 | −0.000005 | −0.000002 |
| Peptoniphilus | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.992 | 0.991 | 0.00024 | −0.000000733 | 0.000274 | −0.000040 |
| Model 1 | 0.992 | 0.991 | 0.00002 | −0.000001000 | 0.000273 | −0.000223 |
| Model 2 | 0.992 | 0.990 | −0.00017 | −0.000000833 | 0.000242 | −0.000237 |
| Model 3 | 0.991 | 0.990 | 0.00004 | −0.000000923 | 0.000201 | −0.000263 |
| Peptostreptococcus | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00004 | −0.000000027 | −0.000006 | −0.000003 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00005 | 0.000000000 | −0.000005 | −0.000001 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00006 | −0.000000025 | −0.000005 | −0.000001 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00006 | −0.000000025 | −0.000005 | −0.000001 |
| Porphyromonas | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000003 | 0.000007 | 0.000005 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | 0.000000000 | 0.000003 | 0.000004 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | 0.000000000 | 0.000004 | 0.000004 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00004 | 0.000000000 | 0.000004 | 0.000004 |
| Prevotella | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000002 | −0.000003 | 0.000001 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000000 | −0.000002 | 0.000001 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000002 | −0.000001 | 0.000001 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000002 | −0.000001 | 0.000001 |
| Pseudoramibacter Eubacterium | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.994 | 1.000 | 0.00065 | −0.000000534 | −0.000580 | −0.000218 |
| Model 1 | 0.994 | 1.000 | 0.00004 | 0.000000000 | −0.000436 | −0.000142 |
| Model 2 | 0.994 | 1.000 | −0.00005 | −0.000000371 | −0.000444 | −0.000148 |
| Model 3 | 0.994 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | −0.000000380 | −0.000449 | −0.000150 |
| Pyramidobacter | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.977 | 1.001 | 0.00039 | 0.000000003 | −0.000117 | −0.000046 |
| Model 1 | 0.977 | 1.001 | 0.00036 | 0.000000000 | −0.000124 | −0.000041 |
| Model 2 | 0.977 | 1.000 | 0.00034 | 0.000000005 | −0.000125 | −0.000042 |
| Model 3 | 0.977 | 1.000 | 0.00035 | 0.000000000 | −0.000127 | −0.000043 |
| Rothia | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000002 | −0.000001 | 0.000000 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000000 | −0.000001 | 0.000000 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000000 | −0.000001 | 0.000000 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00000 | 0.000000000 | −0.000001 | 0.000000 |
| Scardovia | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00012 | −0.000000017 | −0.000038 | 0.000003 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00017 | 0.000000000 | −0.000038 | 0.000000 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00019 | −0.000000029 | −0.000039 | −0.000001 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00019 | −0.000000028 | −0.000038 | 0.000000 |
| Schwartzia | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00037 | −0.000000188 | −0.000170 | −0.000060 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00021 | 0.000000000 | −0.000117 | −0.000032 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00018 | −0.000000126 | −0.000121 | −0.000032 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00017 | −0.000000118 | −0.000118 | −0.000030 |
| Sharpea | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.00362 | −0.000000247 | 0.000270 | 0.000029 |
| Model 1 | 1.003 | 1.000 | 0.00031 | 0.000000000 | −0.000072 | −0.000197 |
| Model 2 | 1.002 | 1.000 | −0.00072 | 0.000000121 | 0.000020 | −0.000137 |
| Model 3 | 1.002 | 1.000 | −0.00070 | 0.000000101 | 0.000011 | −0.000143 |
| SHD 231 | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.988 | 0.999 | 0.00005 | −0.000000081 | −0.000158 | 0.000009 |
| Model 1 | 0.989 | 0.999 | −0.00009 | 0.000000000 | −0.000119 | 0.000035 |
| Model 2 | 0.989 | 0.999 | −0.00003 | −0.000000088 | −0.000120 | 0.000033 |
| Model 3 | 0.989 | 0.999 | −0.00009 | −0.000000066 | −0.000110 | 0.000040 |
| Shuttleworthia | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.998 | 1.001 | 0.00020 | −0.000000121 | −0.000051 | 0.000011 |
| Model 1 | 0.998 | 1.001 | 0.00026 | 0.000000000 | −0.000046 | 0.000006 |
| Model 2 | 0.998 | 1.001 | 0.00025 | −0.000000146 | −0.000046 | 0.000006 |
| Model 3 | 0.998 | 1.001 | 0.00023 | −0.000000139 | −0.000043 | 0.000009 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.998 | 0.999 | −0.00010 | −0.000000031 | −0.000163 | −0.000061 |
| Model 1 | 0.998 | 0.998 | −0.00025 | 0.000000000 | −0.000084 | −0.000016 |
| Model 2 | 0.997 | 0.998 | −0.00044 | −0.000000125 | −0.000092 | −0.000021 |
| Model 3 | 0.998 | 0.998 | −0.00050 | −0.000000103 | −0.000081 | −0.000015 |
| Tannerella | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00003 | −0.000000004 | 0.000013 | 0.000008 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00007 | 0.000000000 | 0.000016 | 0.000009 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00005 | 0.000000004 | 0.000017 | 0.000010 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.000 | −0.00006 | 0.000000007 | 0.000019 | 0.000010 |
| TG5 | ||||||
| Simple regression | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00014 | −0.000000003 | 0.000040 | 0.000019 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00021 | 0.000000000 | 0.000035 | 0.000021 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00023 | −0.000000006 | 0.000036 | 0.000022 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.999 | −0.00025 | 0.000000002 | 0.000040 | 0.000025 |
| Treponema | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.978 | 1.001 | −0.00084 | 0.000000037 | 0.000719 | 0.000183 |
| Model 1 | 0.981 | 1.001 | −0.00193 | 0.000000000 | 0.000798 | 0.000180 |
| Model 2 | 0.981 | 1.001 | −0.00221 | −0.000000236 | 0.000766 | 0.000168 |
| Model 3 | 0.982 | 1.001 | −0.00235 | −0.000000188 | 0.000791 | 0.000183 |
| Veillonella | ||||||
| Simple regression | 0.999 | 1.006 | 0.00070 | 0.000000803 | −0.000402 | 0.000022 |
| Model 1 | 0.999 | 1.006 | 0.00137 | 0.000000000 | −0.000457 | −0.000022 |
| Model 2 | 0.999 | 1.005 | 0.00110 | 0.000000353 | −0.000443 | −0.000011 |
| Model 3 | 0.999 | 1.005 | 0.00119 | 0.000000317 | −0.000461 | −0.000022 |
Note: Values represent odds ratios for cerebral microbleeds and infarcts, and regression coefficients for all other continuous variables.
Values are highlighted in color, if statistically significant. Model structure, colors, and shades as described in Table 2.