Table 3.
Training results from the processing speed group. The tasks assessing processing speed are presented in italics and underlined. Baseline performance (BP) effects are first presented for the NIH Toolbox processing speed task: Pattern Comparison Processing Speed. Then, the effects of baseline performance on the task of interest (as indicated in the third column for each row) are presented.
| Outcome type | Test of interest | Improvement from baseline | Effect of BP on the PS Toolbox taska | Effect of BP on the task of interest | Effect of age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Train to task | |||||
| Processing speed (N=11) | p=0.00098, d=1.9** | Pos, p=0.026, F(1,7)=4.33, R^2=0.55** | Neg, p<0.001, F(1,8)=30.6, R^2=0.88** | p=0.14, F(1,9) = 2.66, R^2=0.23 | |
| Inhibitory control (N=13) | p=0.033, d=0.63** | Neg, p=0.055, F(1,9)=2.45, R^2=0.35* | p=0.12, F(1,10)=1.51, R^2=0.23 | p=0.88, F(1,11) = 0.023, R^2=0.0021 | |
| Episodic memory (N=12) | p=0.54, d=0.28 | p=0.30, F(1,8)=0.66, R^2=0.14 | Neg, p=0.030, F(1,9)=3.3, R^2=0.42** | p=0.99, F(1,10) = 0.00026, R^2<0.0001 | |
| Working memory (N=10) | p=0.86, d=−0.025 | p=0.91, F(1,7)=0.78, R^2=0.18 | p=0.28, F(1,7)=1.59, R^2=0.31 | p=0.22, F(1,8) = 1.76, R^2=0.18 | |
| Cognitive flexibility (N=10) | p=0.22, d=0.26 | p=0.62, F(1,6)=0.30, R^2=0.091 | p=0.18, F(1,7)=1.12, R^2=0.24 | p=0.93, F(1,8)=0.0089, R^2=0.0011 | |
| NIH Toolbox | |||||
| Fluid cognition composite (N=12) | p=0.023, d=0.84** | p=0.57, F(1,9)=0.82, R^2=0.16 | p=0.13, F(1,9)=2.23, R^2=0.33 | p=0.27, F(1,12)=1.40, R^2=0.12 | |
| Total cognition composite (N=12) | p=0.057, d=0.69* | p=0.46, F(1,9)= 3.22, R^2=0.42 | p=0.35, F(1,9)=3.52, R^2=0.44 | Pos, p=0.033, F(1,10)=6.10, R^2=0.38** | |
| Crystalized cognition composite (N=12) | p=0.21, d=0.32 | p=0.52, F(1,9)=0.43, R^2=0.088 | p=0.23, F(1,9)=1.06, R^2=0.19 | p=0.52, F(1,10)=0.52, R^2=0.042 | |
| Pattern comparison processing speed (N=12) | p=0.0098, d=0.91** | p=0.14, F(1,9)=1.33, R^2=0.23 | -- | p=0.93, F(1,10)=0.0086, R^2=0.0086 | |
| Flanker inhibition (N=12) | p=0.002, d=1.4** | p=0.35, F(1,9)=0.98, R^2=0.18 | p=0.65, F(1,9)=0.57, R^2=0.11 | p=0.34, F(1,10)=1.00, R^2=0.091 | |
| Dimensional change card sort (N=12) | p=0.082, d=0.65* | p=0.94, F(1,9)=0.31, R^2=0.065 | Neg, p=0.025, F(1,9)=4.19, R^2=0.48** | p=0.41, F(1,10)=0.73, R^2=0.068 | |
| List sorting working memory (N=12) | p=0.32, d=0.36 | p=0.49, F(1,9)=1.68, R^2=0.27 | p=0.14, F(1,9)=3.01, R^2=0.40 | p=0.11, F(1,10)=2.99, R^2=0.23 | |
| Picture sequence memory (N=12) | p=0.69, d=−0.12 | Neg, p=0.095, F(1,9)=2.55, R^2=0.36* | Neg, p=0.040, F(1,9)=3.84, R^2=0.46** | p=0.28, F(1,10)=1.30, R^2=0.12 | |
| Oral symbol digit (N=12) | p=0.11, d=0.41 | p=0.29, F(1,9)=0.22, R^2=0.28 | Neg, p=0.022, F(1,9)=5.72, R^2=0.56** | p=0.16, F(1,10)=2.26, R^2=0.19 | |
| Rey auditory learning (N=12) | p=0.0093, d=1.1** | p=0.27, F(1,9)=0.75, R^2=0.14 | p=0.62, F(1,9)=0.19, R^2=0.04 | p=0.73, F(1,10)=0.13, R^2=0.013 |
Neg = significant negative association; Pos = significant positive association. PS= processing speed.
a
Results include age and training duration covariates in the model.
**
p<0.05;
*
p<0.10.