Table 1.
Microbial signatures on cancer early detection.
| Cancer type | Sample | Method | Key microbial feature | Identification | Test accuracy (AUC) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRC | Fecal | qPCR | Fusobacterium nucleatum | Healthy control versus CRC | AUC = 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | Wong et al., (2017) |
| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius | AUC = 0.72 (0.65–0.80) | |||||
| Parvimonas micra | AUC = 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | |||||
| F. nucleatum and FIT | AUC = 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | |||||
| qPCR | F. nucleatum | AUC = 0.850 (0.815–0.881) | Liang et al., (2021) | |||
| Lachnoclostridium sp. m3 | AUC = 0.751 (0.709–0.789) | |||||
| Clostridium hathewayi | AUC = 0.678 (0.634–0.720) | |||||
| Bacteroides clarus | AUC = 0.518 (0.472–0.564) | |||||
| 4 gut bacterial feature | AUC = 0.904 (0.874–0.929) | |||||
| 16S rRNA sequencing | 34 gut bacterial feature, age, sex, and BMI | AUC = 0.93 | Wu et al., (2021) | |||
| Metagenomic sequencing | 12 gut bacterial feature | AUC = 0.8322 | Lin et al., (2022) | |||
| 5 gut fungal and 9 bacterial feature | AUC = 0.9002 | |||||
| Metagenomic sequencing | 14 gut fungal feature | AUC = 0.93 (0.85–1) | Coker et al., (2019) | |||
| Metagenomic sequencing | 9 gut archaeal feature | AUC = 0.82 (0.70–0.94) | Coker et al., (2020) | |||
| Metagenomic sequencing | 22 gut viral feature | AUC = 0.802 | Nakatsu et al., (2018) | |||
| Metagenomic sequencing | 27 gut bacterial feature | AUC = 0.80 | Liu et al., (2022) | |||
| 20 gut fungal feature | AUC = 0.77 | |||||
| 20 gut archaeal feature | AUC = 0.74 | |||||
| 21 gut viral feature | AUC = 0.72 | |||||
| 11 gut bacterial and 4 fungal and 1 archaeal feature | AUC = 0.83 | |||||
| 175 EggNOG genes feature | AUC = 0.86 | |||||
| 47 KO genes feature | AUC = 0.82 | |||||
| 20 KEGG pathways feature | AUC = 0.74 | |||||
| Metagenomic sequencing | 22 microbial SNV markers feature | AUC = 0.7535 | Ma et al., (2021) | |||
| Metagenomic sequencing | 6 gut bacterial feature | AUC = 0.9005 (0.8703–0.9397) | Coker et al., (2022) | |||
| GC-TOFMS | 20 microbial metabolites feature | AUC = 0.8005 (0.7457–0.8554) | ||||
| 13 microbial metabolites feature | AUC = 0.7168 (0.6523–0.7813) | |||||
| 11 microbial metabolites feature | AUC = 0.6764 (0.6098–0.7431) | |||||
| Metagenomic sequencing and GC-TOFMS | 6 gut bacterial and 11 microbial metabolites feature | AUC = 0.9417 (0.9151–0.9683) | ||||
| Oral | 16S rRNA sequencing | 5 oral bacterial feature | AUC = 0.7642 (0.671–0.8574) | Zhang et al., (2020a) | ||
| 16S rRNA sequencing | 16 oral bacterial feature | AUC = 0.9 (0.83–0.9) | Flemer et al., (2018) | |||
| qPCR | F. nucleatum | AUC = 0.841 (0.797–0.879) | Zhang et al., (2022) | |||
| Serum | Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | 8 microbial metabolites feature | Healthy control versus CRC and adenoma | AUC = 0.95 (0.85–1) | Chen et al., (2022b) | |
| PDAC | Fecal | Metagenomic sequencing | 30 gut bacterial feature | Healthy control versus PDAC | AUC = 0.78 (0.72–0.85) | Nagata et al., (2022) |
| Metagenomic sequencing and 16S rRNA sequencing | 27 gut bacterial feature | AUC = 0.84 | Kartal et al., (2022) | |||
| 27 gut bacterial feature and CA19-9 | AUC = 0.94 | |||||
| Oral | Metagenomic sequencing | 18 oral bacterial feature | AUC = 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | Nagata et al., (2022) | ||
| HCC | Fecal | Miseq sequencing | 30 gut bacterial feature | Healthy control versus HCC | AUC = 0.8064 (0.7447–0.868) Validation cohort (early HCC): AUC = 0.7680 (0.6790–0.8570) Validation cohort (advanced HCC): AUC = 0.8040 (0.7070–0.9020) |
Ren et al., (2019) |
| ccRCC | Fecal | 16S rRNA sequencing | 5 gut bacterial feature | Healthy control versus ccRCC | AUC = 0.933 (0.881–0.984) | Chen et al., (2022a) |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | Fecal | 16S rRNA sequencing | 32 gut bacterial feature | Healthy control versus lung adenocarcinoma | AUC = 0.76 ± 0.08 | Lim et al., (2021) |
| 16S rRNA sequencing | 13 gut bacterial feature | AUC = 0.976 (0.954-0.998) | Zheng et al., (2020) | |||
| Oral | 16S rRNA sequencing | 31 oral bacterial feature | AUC = 0.95 ± 0.03 | Lim et al., (2021) | ||
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Oral | 16S rRNA sequencing | Streptococcus | Healthy control versus oral squamous cell carcinoma | AUC = 0.75 (0.67–0.83) | Su et al., (2021) |
| Fusobacterium | AUC = 0.70 (0.61–0.78) | |||||
| Peptostreptococcus | AUC = 0.67 (0.58–0.75) | |||||
| Campylobacter | AUC = 0.66 (0.58–0.75) | |||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | AUC = 0.74 (0.66–0.82) | |||||
| F. nucleatum | AUC = 0.66 (0.57–0.75) | |||||
| Cervical cancer | Fecal | 16S rRNA sequencing | 7 gut bacterial feature | Healthy control versus cervical cancer | AUC = 0.913 | Kang et al., (2020) |
| Vaginal | 16S rRNA sequencing | Gardnerella | AUC = 0.953 | Kang et al., (2021) | ||
| Streptococcus | AUC = 0.922 | |||||
| Finegoldia | AUC = 0.781 | |||||
| Anaerococcus | AUC = 0.766 | |||||
| Lactobacillus | AUC = 0.719 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; FIT, fecal immunochemical test; GC-TOFMS, gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid; SNV, single nucleotide variant.