Table 1. Phenomena simulated by computational models of the N400.

An overview of the range of N400 phenomena that have been modeled in the literature.

		Word-level models				Sentence-level models
		Laszlo & Plaut (2012)	Laszlo & Armstrong (2014)	Cheyette & Plaut (2017)	Rabovsky & McRae (2014)	Brouwer et al. (2017)	Rabovsky, Hansen & McClelland (2018); Rabovsky (2020)	Fitz & Chang (2019)	Lexico-semantic Predictive Coding^
Lexical variables	Orthographic neighborhood size	✔	––	✔	✔	––	––	––	✔
	Lexical frequency	––	––	✔	✔	––	✔	––	✔
	Concreteness/Semantic richness	––	––	✔	✔	––	––	––	✔
	Lexical status	––	––	––	––	––	––	––	✔
Word-pair priming	Repetition priming	––	✔	✔	✔	––	✔	✔	✔
	Semantic priming	––	––	✔	✔	––	✔	––	✔
	Associative priming	––	––	✔	––	––	✔	––	––
Contextual effects	Lexical probability	––	––	––	––	––	✔	✔	✔
	Constraint for unexpected endings	––	––	––	––	––	✔	✔	✔
	Anticipatory semantic overlap	––	––	––	––	––	✔	––	✔
	Anticipatory orthographic overlap	––	––	––	––	––	––	––	✔
	Role reversal anomaly	––	––	––	––	✔	✔	––	––
	Semantic incongruity	––	––	––	––	✔	✔	––	––
	Position in sentence	––	––	––	––	––	✔	✔	––
	Word order violation	––	––	––	––	––	✔	––	––
	Linguistic adaptation	––	––	––	––	––	✔	✔	––
	Article prediction violation (a/an)	––	––	––	––	––	✔	––	––
Interactions	Constr. x Anticipatory sem. overlap	––	––	––	––	––	––	––	✔
	Repetition x Frequency	––	––	✔	✔	––	––	––	✔
	Repetition x Semantic Richness	––	––	✔	✔	––	––	––	✔
	Repetition x Incongruity	––	––	––	––	––	✔	––	––
	Cloze x Frequency	––	––	––	––	––	––	––	✔
	Cloze x Semantic Richness	––	––	––	––	––	––	––	✔
Learning effects	Changes across development	––	––	––	––	––	✔	––	––
	L2 priming with min. L2 knowledge	––	––	––	––	––	✔	––	––

^{^}We include the current Lexico-Semantic Predictive Coding model in this Table for completion. However the effects we simulated will only be reported in the Results section.