. 2024 Apr 1;14:7657. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-57353-y

Table 3.

Effect of probiotics supplementation on morphometry parameters in different groups of calves.

Attributes	CON	NEC	AEC	LEC	Period mean	T	D	T × D
Body length (cm)
Initial	56.67 ± 1.05	57.00 ± 1.03	56.92 ± 0.88	57.08 ± 0.90	56.92^p ± 0.97	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.996
1st week	59.08 ± 0.45	60.50 ± 1.12	60.75 ± 1.26	61.00 ± 1.24	60.33^q ± 1.18
2nd week	61.75 ± 0.89	63.75 ± 0.89	64.58 ± 1.02	64.92 ± 0.97	63.75^r ± 0.94
3rd week	63.67 ± 0.91	66.58 ± 1.08	68.33 ± 2.45	68.50 ± 1.15	66.77^s ± 1.40
4th week	65.83 ± 0.90	69.33 ± 1.02	71.21 ± 2.14	71.33 ± 1.26	69.43^t ± 1.33
5th week	69.00 ± 0.74	72.33 ± 1.12	73.83 ± 2.01	73.92 ± 1.37	72.27^u ± 1.31
6th week	72.08 ± 0.81	75.00 ± 1.04	76.08 ± 2.05	76.67 ± 1.17	74.96^v ± 1.27
7th week	75.95 ± 1.31	77.67 ± 1.01	78.50 ± 1.93	79.50 ± 0.99	77.90^w ± 1.31
Final	77.94 ± 0.40	79.68 ± 0.89	81.27 ± 2.15	82.50 ± 1.00	80.35^x ± 1.35
Average	66.87^a ± 0.70	69.09^b ± 1.02	70.16^b ± 1.77	70.60^b ± 1.12
Wither height (cm)
Initial	74.83 ± 0.76	75.08 ± 0.90	75.5 ± 1.29	75.67 ± 1.14	75.27^p ± 1.02	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.993
1st week	76.91 ± 0.34	78.83 ± 0.65	79.33 ± 0.60	79.58 ± 0.80	78.67^p ± 0.60
2ndweek	79.00 ± 1.31	82.66 ± 0.57	82.83 ± 0.33	82.91 ± 1.02	81.85^q ± 0.81
3rd week	81.08 ± 1.00	85.08 ± 0.57	85.17 ± 0.69	85.33 ± 0.85	84.17^r ± 0.78
4th week	83.16 ± 0.72	87.50 ± 0.52	87.91 ± 0.52	88.08 ± 0.93	86.67^s ± 0.67
5th week	86.00 ± 0.87	89.75 ± 0.98	89.58 ± 0.93	90.33 ± 0.98	88.91^t ± 0.94
6th week	89.08 ± 0.74	92.00 ± 1.01	92.33 ± 1.01	92.67 ± 1.17	91.52^u ± 0.98
7th week	90.35 ± 0.64	94.16 ± 1.05	95.17 ± 1.26	95.42 ± 1.35	93.77^v ± 1.03
Final	92.11 ± 0.57	95.77 ± 1.09	97.02 ± 1.28	97.47 ± 1.40	95.67^u ± 1.08
Average	83.62^a ± 0.77	86.76^b ± 0.81	87.21^b ± 0.88	87.56^b ± 1.07
Heart girth (cm)
Initial	75.50 ± 0.85	75.92 ± 0.91	76.41 ± 1.08	75.41 ± 0.89	76.06^p ± 0.93	< 0.001	< 0.001	1.000
1st week	77.58 ± 0.34	77.54 ± 0.73	79.33 ± 0.44	79.58 ± 0.81	78.51^q ± 0.58
2ndweek	78.00 ± 1.32	80.17 ± 0.60	80.50 ± 1.80	81.25 ± 0.96	79.98^q ± 1.17
3rd week	80.00 ± 1.00	82.67 ± 0.67	83.16 ± 1.23	83.41 ± 1.03	82.31^r ± 0.98
4th week	82.50 ± 1.06	85.08 ± 0.66	85.58 ± 1.16	85.67 ± 1.31	84.71^s ± 1.05
5th week	85.33 ± 0.92	87.50 ± 0.73	88.08 ± 1.00	88.50 ± 1.40	87.35^t ± 1.01
6th week	89.08 ± 0.57	89.75 ± 0.73	90.75 ± 1.13	90.92 ± 1.04	90.13^u ± 0.87
7th week	92.21 ± 0.65	92.50 ± 0.82	93.66 ± 1.17	93.00 ± 1.06	93.03^v ± 0.93
Final	93.50 ± 0.40	94.25 ± 0.91	95.50 ± 1.28	95.90 ± 1.19	94.87^w ± 0.95
Average	83.78^a ± 0.79	85.04^b ± 0.75	85.89^b ± 1.14	86.15^b ± 0.9
Hip height (cm)
Initial	73.08 ± 1.31	74.08 ± 1.11	74.58 ± 1.14	74.83 ± 1.19	74.15^p ± 1.19	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.999
1st week	74.83 ± 0.55	76.83 ± 1.31	77.41 ± 1.23	78.00 ± 1.07	76.77^q ± 1.04
2nd week	76.66 ± 1.34	79.42 ± 1.16	81.25 ± 1.01	81.41 ± 1.45	79.69^r ± 1.24
3rd week	78.83 ± 1.24	82.42 ± 1.16	84.25 ± 0.79	84.42 ± 1.50	82.50^s ± 1.17
4th week	81.00 ± 1.20	85.25 ± 1.06	86.08 ± 1.36	86.58 ± 1.54	84.73^t ± 1.29
5th week	83.33 ± 1.11	88.25 ± 1.05	88.34 ± 1.14	88.67 ± 1.55	87.15^u ± 1.21
6th week	86.16 ± 1.16	90.58 ± 1.23	90.91 ± 1.14	91.08 ± 1.53	89.68^v ± 1.27
7th week	89.79 ± 1.08	92.92 ± 1.24	94.25 ± 1.01	93.70 ± 1.40	92.84^w ± 1.18
Final	91.8 ± 0.58	95.40 ± 1.22	96.18 ± 1.11	97.81 ± 1.60	95.29^x ± 1.13
Average	81.72^a ± 1.06	85.02^b ± 1.17	85.92^b ± 1.10	86.35^b ± 1.42

^a,bValues with different superscripts are significantly different from each other in the same row (p < 0.05). ^p–^xValues with different superscripts are significantly different from each other in the same column (p < 0.05). CON: basal diet without probiotics; NEC: non-encapsulated probiotics; AEC: air-dried encapsulated probiotics; LEC: lyophilized encapsulated probiotics; T: Treatment; D: Period; T*D: Treatment and Period interaction; *Structural growth measurements: average weekly values.