Table 1.
Caffeine consumption levels, CUD, and caffeine withdrawal, by demographic characteristics (n = 1228 unless stated a).
| Demographics | Total sample | Level of daily caffeine consumption | CUD (n = 1223)b | Caffeine withdrawal | Combined CUD and Caffeine withdrawal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low consumption < 200 mg/day (n = 897) | Moderate consumption 200–400 mg/day (n = 226) | High consumption > 400 mg/day (n = 105) | |||||
| Age | 35.49 ± 11.70 | 35.77 ± 12.09 | 36.21 ± 9.57 | 31.51 ± 11.81 | 36.92 ± 10.56 | 35.77 ± 11.96 | 34.30 ± 10.59 |
| Gender (1227 responders) (n%) | |||||||
| Male | 617 (50.2%) | 368 (59.64%) | 151 (24.47%) | 73 (11.83%) | 86 (13.93%) | 322(52.18%) | 68 (11.02%) |
| Female | 610 (49.7%) | 510 (83.60%) | 75 (12.29%) | 32 (5.24%) | 153 (25.08%) | 245(40.16%) | 90 (14.75%) |
| Employment status, n (%) | |||||||
| Employed | 676 (55.18%) | 463 (68.49%) | 170 (25.14%) | 43 (6.36%) | 96 (14.2%) | 321 (47.48%) | 56 (8.28%) |
| Unemployed | 67 (5.46%) | 45 (67.16%) | 3 (4.47%) | 19 (28.35%) | 21 (31.34%) | 46 (68.65%) | 18 (26.86%) |
| Other (e.g., student) | 485 (39.59%) | 389 (80.20%) | 53 (10.92%) | 43 (8.86%) | 122 (25.15%) | 220 (45.36%) | 84 (17.73%) |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 642 (52.22%) | 473 (73.67%) | 95 (14.79%) | 74 (11.52%) | 111 (17.26%) | 310 (48.28%) | 89 (13.86%) |
| Married or in a relationship | 586 (47.78%) | 424 (71.84%) | 131 (22.35%) | 31 (5.29%) | 128 (21.84%) | 257 (43.85%) | 69 (11.77%) |
a = Due to rounding, not all within-group percentages add up to 100%. b = To meet DSM-5 criteria for CUD, respondents had to endorse CUDQ items 1–3, total number = 1227.