Dead-alive staining assays. (a) Schematic illustration of drugs incubated with bacteria for agar plate experiments, and dead-alive staining assays. (b) CLSM images of E. coli, MDR E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and MRSA after incubation with TPI-CysHHC10 (10 μmol/L) (red fluorescence) and then without or with light irradiation for 15 min. Then co-staining with Hoechst 33342 (blue fluorescence, a nucleic acid dye for all bacteria) and YO-PRO-1 (green fluorescence, a dye for dead bacteria). Light intensity: 60 mW/cm2. Scale bar: 10 μm.