Bacteria aggregation. (a) Illustration of G– bacterial aggregation induced by TPI-CysHHC10. (b) CLSM images of E. coli, MDR E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and MRSA after incubation with 10 μmol/L of TPI-CysHHC10 and stained by 10 μg/mL Hoechst 33342 for 10 min. Scale bar: 20 μm. (c) The aggregation ratio of bacteria treated by TPI-CysHHC10. Error bars: mean SD (n = 20). ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. (d) Aggregation as measured by turbidimetry for E. coli, MDR E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and MRSA in the absence or presence of TPI-CysHHC10 (20 μmol/L). (e) SEM images of E. coli aggregations treated with TPI-CysHHC10 (10 μmol/L). Scale bar: 20 μm (left); 1 μm (right). (f) Zeta potential of E. coli and S. aureus treated with 10 μmol/L of TPI-CysHHC10.