Table 2.
General characteristics of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial.
| The first author (year) | Country | Health status of subjects | Gender | Participants: CLA/Placebo | Duration (week) | Mean age (year) | Intervention treatment group Placebo | Dosage (g/d) | Outcomes | Results | %variation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linoleic acid vs olive oil | ||||||||||||
| Blankson et al. (2000) | Norway | Overweight or obese volunteers | F/M | 10/8 | 12 | 44.3 | cis-9, trans-11 isomer and the trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Olive oil | 6.8 | TG,TC, LDL, HDL | Significant reduction of HDL and non-significant change of TG, LDL and TC | NR |
| Berven et al. (2000) | Norway | Overweight or obese volunteers | F/M | 25/22 | 12 | 47.6 | cis-9, trans-11 isomer and the trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Olive oil | 3 | TG,TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Riserus et al. (2001) | Sweden | Men with metabolic syndrome | M | 14/10 | 4 | 54 | Cis9, trans11 CLA 18:2 and trans10, cis12 CLA | Olive oil | 4.2 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | TG (7.91%), TC (1.27%), LDL (4.52%), HDL (5.3%) |
| Riserus et al. (2002) | Sweden | Obese Men with metabolic syndrome | M | 19/19 | 12 | 51 | t10c12 CLA | Olive oil | 3.4 | TG,TC, LDL, HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Kamphuis et al. (2003) | Netherland | Overweight subjects | F/M | 14/13 | 13 | 40.9 | t10c12 CLA | Olive oil | 1. 8 | TG | Significant reduction of TG | 62.19% |
| Kamphuis et al. (2003) | Netherland | Overweight subjects | F/M | 13/14 | 13 | 36.2 | t10c12 CLA | Olive oil | 3.6 | TG | Significant reduction of TG | 61.33% |
| Riserus et al. (2004) | Sweden | Obese men | M | 13/12 | 12 | 54 | c9, t11 CLA | Olive oil | 3 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Gaullier et al. (2005) | Norway | Overweight subjects | F/M | 44/19 | 96 | 45.1 | CLA–free fatty acid (FFA) | Olive oil | 3.6 | TG,TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of HDL and non-significant change of TG, LDL and TC | TG (−5.6%), TC (−4.26%), LDL (−3.97%), HDL (−4.16%) |
| Gaullier et al. (2005) | Norway | Overweight subjects | F/M | 44/18 | 96 | 48.6 | CLA-triacylglycerol | Olive oil | 3. 4 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of HDL and non-significant change of TG, LDL and TC | TG (−1.53%), TC (−2.97%), LDL (−1.96%), HDL (−5.96) |
| Taylor et al. (2006) | UK | Healthy volunteers | F/M | 21/19 | 12 | 45 | 9c, 11 t CLA, t10, c12, 9c, 11c and 10c, 12c CLA, 9 t, 11 t and 10 t, 11 t and t8, c10 and c11, t13 CLA | Olive oil | 4 0.5 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Kim et al. (2008) | Korea | Overweight Korean women | F | 15/12 | 12 | 26.3 | c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA | Olive oil | 3 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Park et al. (2008) | South Korea | Healthy overweight/obese | F/M | 15/15 | 8 | 38.7 | t10, c12 CLA | Olive oil | 2.4 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Ribeiro et al. (2016) | Brazil | Obese woman | F | 15/13 | 8 | 23.1 | CLA | Olive oil | 3.2 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | TG (10.47%), TC (1.31%), LDL (1.13%), HDL (−1.39%) |
| Linoleic acid vs omega 6 | ||||||||||||
| Mougios et al. (2001) | Greece | Healthy adults | F/M | 10/12 | 4 | 22.4 | Soybean | Soybean oil | 1 | TG, TC, HDL | Significant reduction of HDL and non-significant change of TG and TC | TG (−13.68%), TC(−3.78%), HDL (−11.97%) |
| Benito et al. (2001) | USA | Healthy female | F | 10/7 | 9 | 27 | Cis-, 11 trans-18:2; 8 trans-, 10 cis-18:2; 11 cis-, 13 trans-18:2; and 10 trans-, 12 cis-18:2 CLA | High-linoleic sunflower oil | 3.9 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | TG (−40.04%), TC (−6.47%), LDL (−1.06%), HDL (−0.47%) |
| Noone et al. (2002) | Ireland | Healthy adults | F/M | 16/9 | 8 | 32.2 | cis-9, trans-11–trans-10, cis-12 (50:50) CLA | Linoleic acid | 3 | TG,TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TG and non-significant change of TG, HDL and TC | TG (−20.83%), TC (−1.82%) |
| Noone et al. (2002) | Ireland | Healthy adults | F/M | 17/9 | 8 | 28.5 | cis-9, trans-11–trans-10, cis-12 (80:20) CLA | Linoleic acid | 3 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TG and non-significant change of TG, HDL and TC | TG (−7.40%), TC (−1.79%) |
| Petridou et al. (2003) | Germany | Healthy nonobese | F | 16/16 | 7 | 19–24 | Soybean | Soybean oil | 2.1 | TG,TC, HDL | Non-significant change of TG, HDL and TC | TG (−9.37%),TC (−5.07%), HDL (−6.16%) |
| Moloney et al. (2004) | Ireland | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | F/M | 16/16 | 8 | 63.8 | Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Palm oil and soya bean oil | 3 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TC, increase HDL, and non-significant change of TG and HDL | TG (1.23%), TC (−1.93%), LDL (−8.81%), HDL (7.63%) |
| Whigham et al. (2004) | USA | Healthy obese humans | F/M | 27/23 | 52 | 43 | Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | High-linoleic sunflower oil | 6 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TG and non-significant change of TG, HDL and TC | TG (−6.28%), TC (−1/35%), LDL (−4.4%), HDL (0.77%) |
| Song et al. (2005) | UK | Healthy human | F/M | 14/14 | 12 | 31.8 | CLA | High-linoleic sunflower oil | 3 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TG and TC non-significant change of LDL and HDL | TC (−0.61%), |
| Watras et al. (2006) | USA | Healthy, overweight subjects | F/M | 22/18 | 24 | 34 | Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Safflower oil | 4 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TC and LDL non-significant change of TG and HDL | NR |
| Iwata et al. (2007) | Japan | Overweight male | M | 20/10 | 12 | 44.3 | Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Safflower oil | 3.4 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of LDL and non-significant change of TG, HDL and TC | TG (−8.86%), TC (−0.38%), LDL (−6.35%0, HDL (2.70%) |
| Iwata et al. (2007) | Japan | Overweight male | M | 20/10 | 12 | 40.5 | Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Safflower oil | 6.8 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of LDL and non-significant change of TG, HDL and TC | TG (−8.46%) TC (0), LDL (−5.93%), HDL (−4.34%) |
| Steck et al. (2007) | Columbia | Healthy, overweight subjects | F/M | 16/8 | 12 | 36.3 | 50:50 ratio of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Safflower oil | 3.2 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Steck et al. (2007) | Columbia | Healthy, overweight subjects | F/M | 16/8 | 12 | 34.1 | 50:50 ratio of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Safflower oil | 6.4 | TG, TC, LDL, HDL | Significant reduction of HDL and non-significant change of TG, LDL and TC | NR |
| Lambert et al. (20 07) | South Africa | Regularly exercising subjects | M | 16/16 | 12 | 32 | Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-12, cis-10 CLA | Safflower oil | 3.9 | TG,TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | TG (2.08%), TC (−4.65%), LDL (−9.09), HDL (0) |
| Lambert et al. (2007) | South Africa | Regularly exercising subjects | F | 16/16 | 12 | 32 | Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-12, cis-10 CLA | Safflower oil | 3.9 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Significant reduction of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | TG (−7.40%), TC (−10.20%), LDL (−7.69), HDL (−11.76%) |
| Tavakoli et al. (2010) | IRAN | Menopause women | F | 38/38 | 12 | 55.1 | Cis 9-trans 11 and trans 10-cis12 CLA | High-linoleic sunflower oil | 3.2 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Joseph et al. (2011) | Canada | Overweight male | M | 9/5 | 24 | 44.8 | c9, t11, t10, c12 CLA | Safflower oil | 2.8 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Joseph e t.al (2011) | Canada | Overweight male | M | 9/4 | 24 | 44.8 | c9, t11 CLA | Safflower oil | 2.7 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Jenkins et al. (2014) | USA | Healthy adults | M | 18/16 | 6 | 21.5 | cis-9, trans-11 isomers and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | High-linoleic sunflower oil | 1.4 | TG, TC | Non-significant change of TG and TC | TG (−3.19%), TC (0.66) |
| Chang et al. (2020) | China | Adults with elevated body fat percentage | F/M | 32/33 | 12 | 25.3 | cis-9, trans-11-Octadecadienoic acid: trans-10, cis-12-Octadecadienoic acid CLA | Sunflower oil | 3.2 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | TG (−7.69%), TG (0), LDL (4.76), HDL (0) |
| Linoleic acid vs placebo | ||||||||||||
| Colakoglu et al. (2006) | Turkey | Healthy female | F | 11/7 | 6 | 20.4 | CLA | Placebo | 3.6 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Cola koglu et al. (2006) | Turkiye | Healthy female | F | 12/14 | 6 | 21.7 | CLA+ Exercise | Exercise | 3.6 | TG, TC, LDL HDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL and TC | NR |
| Aryaeian et al. (2008) | IRAN | Adults with active rheumatoid arthritis | F/M | 22/21 | 12 | 43.7 | CLA+ vitamin E | Vitamin E | 2 | TG, HDL, LDL | Non-significant change of TG, LDL and HDL and T | TG (0%), LDL (6.54%), HDL (4.91%) |
| Aryaeian et al. (2008) | IRAN | Adults with active rheumatoid arthritis | F/M | 22/21 | 12 | 43.7 | CLA | Placebo | 2 | TG, HDL, LDL | Significant increase LDL and non-significant TG and HDL | TG (0%), LDL (6.54%), HDL (4.91%) |
| Zhao et al. (2009) | China | Obesity-related hypertension subjects | F/M | 40/40 | 8 | 62.3 | c 9, t 11 and t 10, c 12 CLA | Rmipril | 4.5 | TG, TC, LD L, HDL | Significant increase of HDL, significant reduction of TC, and non-significant change of TG, LDL | TG (−0.36%), TC (−4.02), LDL (−9.31%), HDL (11.11%) |
| Bulut et al. (2013) | Turkey | Sedentary male | M | 9/9 | 4 | 19–31 | cis-9, trans-11; trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Inulin | 3 | TG, TC, LD L, HDL | Significant reduction of TG, LDL and non-significant change of TC and HDL | TG (10.9%), TC (−1.24%), LDL(−15.16%), HDL (7.3%) |
| Eftekhari et al. (2014) | IRAN | Atherosclerotic adults | F/M | 29/28 | 8 | 52.79 | Cis9, trance11 and trance10, cis12 CLA | Placebo | 3 | TG, TC, LDL, HDL | Significant ruduction of TC and non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL | NR |
| Baghi et al. (2016) | IRAN | Healthy athletes male | M | 13/10 | 12 | 18.46 | CLA | Oral paraffin | 5.6 | TG, TC, LDL, H DL | Significant ruduction of TC and non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL | TG (9.84%), TC (−0.83%), LDL (−4.34%), HDL (6.86%) |
| Fouladi et al. (2018) | IRAN | Overweight adults | F/M | 56/58 | 12 | 35 | cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Diet | 3 | TG,LDL | Significant reduction of TG and LDL and significant increase of HDL | TG (−4.04%), LDL (−2.28%), HDL (5.86%) |
| Mahdavi et al. (2021) | IRAN | colorectal cancer patients | F/M | 15/16 | 6 | 62.46 | CLA | Placebo | 3 | TG, TC, LDL,HDL | Significant ruduction of TC and non-significant change of TG, LDL,HDL | TG (47.72%), TC (−6.47%), LDL (−19.76%), HDL (10.1%) |