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. 2024 Mar 19;11:1374843. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1374843

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Copyright © 2024 Hynes and Kakumani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Non-canonical mirtron and modified miRNA biogenesis (A) Mirtron biogenesis. mRNA splicing produces an intron lariat, which undergoes debranching, producing a stem-loop structure. Canonical mirtrons (A1) are directly exported to the cytoplasm, and subject to canonical Dicer processing. Tailed mirtrons (A2) must be trimmed before export. (B) m7G cap-dependent miRNA biogenesis. Transcription via RNA Pol II produces a short hairpin with a m7G cap, which is recognized by CBC, and forms an export complex with phosphorylated PHAX, exportin one and RAN-GTP. Following nuclear export, PHAX becomes dephosphorylated and GTP hydrolysis occurs, leading to disassembly of the export complex. The hairpin structure is then subject to canonical Dicer processing.