Table 2.
Effects of PBM on diabetic neuropathy.
| Author/Year | Model | Wave (nm) | Light | PBM parameters | Conclusions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vieira 2022 (49) |
Lewis rat Streptozotocin induced |
904 | Continuous laser | 7W/cm², 29sec, 203J/cm² Frequency: once a day Site: 1, dorsal, direct contact |
↓ pain ↓ cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10) No effect on metabolic parameters |
|
| Rocha 2021 (50) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
904 | Continuous laser | 340mW/cm², 18sec, 6,23J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 10 days Site: on sciatique nerve routes, direct contact |
Restore fusion/fission mitochondria dynamic | |
| Vieira 2019 (51) |
Lewis rat Streptozotocin induced |
904 | Continuous laser | 7W/cm², 29sec, 203J/cm² Frequency: once a day for 8 days Sites: 4 points, direct contact |
↓ pain | |
| Abdel-Wahhab 2018 (52) |
Albinos rat Streptozotocin induced |
808 | Continuous laser | 30sec, 90J* Frequency: 3 times a week for 8 weeks Sites: 3 points |
↓ pain ↓ PGE2, TNFα, IL1β, IL10 |
|
| da Silva Oliveira 2018 (53) |
C57BL6 mice Streptozotocin induced |
660 | Continuous laser | 107mW/cm², 15sec, 1.6J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 21 days Site: 1, plantar hind paw, direct contact |
↓ pain Prevent myelin degenerescence ↓ loss of C fiber |
|
| Rastogi 2021 (54) |
Human, n = 38 Diabetes RCTT |
890 | LED Unknown |
30min, 58.5J/cm²/min Frequency: 3 times a week, for 12 weeks Sites: 4, plantar foot x2, posterior & anterior distal leg |
↓ pain (VAS decrease of 5.3 vs. 3 at 3 months) ↑ QoL (Norfolk-QoL DN 8 vs. 12 at 3 months) No effect on cutaneous reinnervation |
|
| Anju 2020 (31) |
Human, n = 50 T2D Pre-Post ITVø |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 5.7mW/cm², 9min, 3.1J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 10 days Sites: 2, plantar and dorsal foot |
↓ vibration perception threshold ↓ neurone specific enolase |
|
| da Silva Leal 2020 (44) |
Human, n = 30 T2D RCT† |
660 | Continuous laser | 1.66mW/cm², 30min, 3J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 10 days, 20 days washout and start 2 times more Site: 1, radial artery region, direct contact |
↓ pain VAS: no change vs. decrease of 3 points LANSS: no change vs. decrease of 3 points Pain detect questionnaire: no change vs. decrease of 5 points ↑ QoL (SF-36, all parameters increase) |
|
| Anju 2019 (32) |
Human, n = 40 T2D Pre-Post ITVø |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 5.7mW/cm², 9min, 3.1J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 10 days Sites: 2, plantar and dorsal foot |
↑ Mg and Vitamin D | |
| Kumar 2015 (55) |
Human, n = 19 T2D Pre-Post ITVø |
660 + 850 | Continuous laser | 5.7mW/cm², 9min, 3.1J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 10 days Sites: 2, plantar and dorsal foot, direct contact |
↓ pain (VAS: decrease of 5.2 points after 10 days) ↓vibration perception threshold ↑ microcirculation |
|
| Bashiri 2013 (56) |
Human, n = 60 T1D & T2D RCT† |
780 | Continuous laser | 8.3mW/cm², 5min, 2.5J/cm² Frequency: 2 times a week, for 4 weeks Site: unknown |
↓ pain (VAS: score of 7.9 vs. 5.9 for PBM after 4 weeks) | |
| Yamany 2012 (33) | Human, n = 30 T2D RCT† |
850 | Continuous laser | 6.3mW/cm², 15min, 5.7J/cm² Frequency: 3 times a week, for 4 weeks Sites: 2, plantar surface of foot, lombo-sacral area, 30cm above the area |
↓ pain (VAS; score of 6.9 vs. 5.3 for PBM after 4 weeks) ↑ microcirculation ↑ sural nerve conduction No effect on peroneal nerve |
|
| Khamesh 2011 (57) |
Human, n = 27 T2D Pre-Post ITV† |
800 | Continuous laser | 1W* Frequency: 10 sessions Sites: 6 paravertebral points, 4 on sciatic nerve routes |
↑ neuronal potential amplitude | |
| 905 | Pulsed laser | 25W*, 10J/cm² Frequency: 10 sessions Sites: 6 paravertebral points and 4 on sciatic nerve routes |
↑ neuronal potential amplitude | |||
| Swisloki 2010 (58) |
Human, n = 121 Diabetes RCT† |
870 | Continuous laser | 350W*, 7min, 1800J* Frequency: Once a day, 4 days Sites: 16 on each foot |
Restauration sensation No effect on pain (VAS, PQAS) No effect on quality of life (SF-36) |
|
| Lavery 2008 (59) | Human, n = 60 Diabetes RCTø |
890 | Continuous LED | 40min, 1,3J/cm²/min Frequency: once a day, for 90 days Sites: 4, plantar foot x2, medial & lateral side of the calf |
No effect on pain (VAS) No effect on QoL (Neuro QoL) No effect on peripheral sensation |
|
| Arnall 2006 (60) | Human, n = 22 T1D & T2D RCT (for foot)† |
880 + 650 |
Pulsed LED | 30min Frequency: 3 times a week, for 8 weeks Sites: 2, volar and dorsum of foot |
↑ mechanical sensation ↓ perception threshold ↑ peripheral protective sensation |
|
| Harkless 2006 (28) | Human, n = 979 Diabetes Pre-Post ITVø |
890 | Pulsed laser | Unknown | ↓ pain (VAS: decrease of 4.8 points) ↑ foot sensation |
|
| Clifft 2005 (61) | Human, n = 70 Diabetes RCTø |
890 | Continuous laser | 30min, 58.5J/cm²/min Frequency: 3 times a week, for 4 weeks Sites: 4, plantar foot x2, posterior & anterior distal leg |
No effect on sensation | |
| DeLellis 2005 (29) |
Human, n = 790 T2D Pre-Post ITVø |
890 | Pulsed laser | No detail | ↓ sensitivity impairment Restauration protective sensation |
|
| Leonard 2004 (62) |
Human, n = 27 T1D & T2D Pre-Post ITVø |
890 | Continuous laser | 40min, 50J/cm² Frequency: 3 times a week, for 4 weeks Sites: 4, inferior member |
↓ pain (VAS: decrease of 2.3 points after 4 weeks) ↓place without sensation Restauration protective sensation |
|
| Zinman 2004 (63) |
Human, n = 50 Diabetes RCT† |
905 | Continuous laser | 60mW*, 5min Frequency: 2 times a week, for 4 weeks Sites: 2 painful sites, direct contact |
No effect on pain (p = 0.07) (VAS) | |
| Kochman 2002 (30) | Human, n = 49 T1D & T2D Pre-Post ITV† |
Unknown | Continuous laser | 30min Sites: 4, Posterior & anterior tibia, dorsal & ventral foot |
↓ sensitive impairment ↑ neural function (hot/cold discrimination) |
|
| Schindl 2002 (46) |
Human, n = 30 Diabetes RCTø |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 30J/cm² Frequency: Once Site: 1 |
↑ microcirculation | |
T: no other treatment for pain, †:treatments for pain are permitted, but must be balanced and not change during the course of the study (i.e. amitryptilin, gabapentin, tramadol), ø: no information provided about other treatment during the study, IL, Interleukin; LANSS, Leeds assessment of neuropathy symptoms and signs; LED, Light emitting diode; PBM, photobiomodulation; PQAS, Pain qualities assessment scale; Pre-Post ITV, Pre-post interventional trial; QoL, Quality of life; RCT, randomized controlled trial; T1D, Type 1 diabetes; T2D, Type 2 diabetes; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; VAS, Visual analogic scale. *Surface of PBM not reported.↑, increse; ↓, decrease.