Table 4.
Effect of PBM on glucose metabolism in T2D.
| Author/Year | Model | Wave (nm) | Light | PBM parameters | Conclusions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min 2022 (70) |
Diabetic Goto Kakizaki rat | 630 | Continuous LED | 3.7mW/cm², 600sec, 2.22J/cm² Frequency: 1 session Site: intra-duodenal |
No effect | ||||||
| 630 + 850 |
Continuous LED | 32.72mW/cm², 100sec, 3.6J/cm² Frequency: 1 session Site: intra-duodenal |
↓ glucose intolerance at 4 weeks (↓GTT AUC about 14.5%) ↓ insulin resistance only at 1 week (↓HOMA-IR about 22%) ↑ expression of insulin in beta cells |
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| Bonifacio 2021 (71) | C57BL/6 mice High fat diet |
808 | Continuous laser | 3.57W/cm², 8sec, 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times a week, for 4 weeks Site: 1, direct contact with skin in pancreas region |
No effect on glucose tolerance (GTT) No effect on insulin resistance (ITT) No effect on fasting glycemia No effect on body weight No effect on pancreas morphology No effect on adiposity tissue No effect on pancreas morphology |
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| Gong 2021 (72) |
C57BL/6 mice High fat diet and mice C57BLK5 diabetic |
635 | Continuous laser | 72.1mW/cm², 10min, 43.3J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 10 weeks Sites: 2, direct contact with skin |
↓ glucose intolerance (↓GTT AUC about 12%) ↑ insulin sensitivity (↓ITT AUC about 10%) ↓ fed glycemia (500 vs. 280mg/dL) ↓ fasted glycemia (490 vs. 200mg/dL) ↑ glycogen in muscle ↓ ectopic fat in muscle ↓ triglycerides and free fatty acid |
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| Gong 2020 (73) |
C57BL/6 mice High fat diet |
635 | Continuous laser | 72.1mW/cm², 10min, 43.3J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 10 weeks Site: abdomen, direct contact with skin |
↓ triglycerides, plasmatic FFA ↑ relative oxygen species |
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| Guo 2020 (74) |
C57BL/6 mice High fat diet |
635 | Continuous laser | 72.1mW/cm², 10min, 43.3J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 8 weeks Site: abdomen, direct contact with skin |
↓ glucose intolerance (GTT) ↑ insulin sensitivity (ITT) Protect against obesity (weight similar to control) Protect against hyperglycemia (glycemia similar to control) ↓ weight, glycemia, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulinemia ↓ hepatic steatosis |
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| Silva 2020 (76) |
Swiss albinos mice High fat diet |
630 | Continuous LED | 779.53mW/cm², 40sec, 31.18J/cm² Frequency: 5 days per week, for 4 weeks Sites: 5, direct contact with skin |
↓ glucose intolerance (↓ GTT AUC about 28%) ↓ fasting hyperinsulinemia (↓insulin concentration by 3) |
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| Silva 2018 (77) |
Swiss albinos mice High fat diet |
780 | Continuous laser | 259mW/cm², 40sec, 10J/cm² Frequency: 5 days per week, for 4 weeks Sites: 5, direct contact with skin |
↓ glucose intolerance (↓ GTT AUC about 16%) No effect on insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ↓ fatty mass epididymal ↓ total cholesterol ↑ insulin signaling pathway |
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| Yoshimura 2016 (78) |
C57BL/6 mice High fat diet |
843 | Continuous LED | 19mW/cm², 300sec, 5.7J/cm² Frequency: day 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 Site: abdomen, direct contact with skin |
↓ glycemia (98 vs. 118 mg/dL for non-treated group) No effect on weight ↓ abdominal fatty infiltration |
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| Scontri 2023 (79) | Human, n = 10 T2D RCT† |
830 | Continuous LED | 114.28mW/cm², 50 or 120sec, 5.71 or 13.71J/cm² Frequence: One session and 7 days of washout Sites: 8, muscles, in contact with skin |
Effect only with 5.71J/cm² ↓ post prandial glycaemia (30 min to 12h after PBM) Better effect on glycemic control than hypoglycemic treatments ↓ GTT AUG around 37% Faster glucose decay post prandial (16%, -60 vs. -70mg/dL/h) No additive effect with hypoglycemic treatments |
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†: PBM in addition to the best standard of care, at the investigator discretion choice, AUC, Area under the curve; FFA, Free fatty acid; GTT, glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; ITT, insulin tolerance test; LED, Light emitting diode; PBM, photobiomodulation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; T2D, Type 2 diabetes.↑, increse; ↓, decrease.