Table 6.
Effect of PBM on wound healing and ulcer.
| Author/Year | Model | Wave (nm) | Light | PBM parameters | Conclusion | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dungel 2023 (84) | C57BL diabetic mice | 629 | Pulsed LED | 40mW/cm², 360sec, 14.4J/cm² Frequency: day 0 and 1 Site: near to the wound |
↑ wound closure ↑ angiogenesis |
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| 540 | Pulsed LED | 40mW/cm², 360sec, 14.4J/cm² Frequency: day 0 and 1 Site: near to the wound |
↑ wound closure ↑ angiogenesis |
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| 470 | Pulsed LED | 40mW/cm², 360sec, 14.4J/cm² Frequency: day 0 and 1 Site: near to the wound |
No effect | |||||||
| Ebrahimpour-Malekshah 2023 (85) | Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
890 | Pulsed laser | 20mW/cm², 200sec, 1.08J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 14 days Sites: 9, direct contact |
↑ granulation tissue formation ↓ neutrophils, ↑ macrophages ↑ fibroblasts ↑ vascularization (VEGF) |
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| Mehrvar 2021 (86) |
Diabetic mice | 670 | Continuous LED | 60mW/cm², 90sec, 4.5J/cm² Frequency: 5 days per week, for 2 weeks Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ wound area ↓ oxidative stress ↑ Red-Ox ratio |
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| Ahmadi 2020 (87) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
890 | Pulsed laser | 1mW/cm², 200sec, 0.2J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 14 sessions Sites: 9, next to the wound |
↑ wound healing ↓ inflammation (neutrophils) ↑ fibroblasts ↑ vascular length |
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| Bagheri 2020 (88) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
890 | Continuous laser | 1mW/cm², 300sec, 0.324J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 7 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ inflammation (macrophages, neutrophiles) ↑ fibroblast |
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| Kouhkeil 2019 (89) |
Rat Streptozotocin induced |
890 | Continuous laser | 1.08mW/cm², 200sec, 0.2J/cm² Frequency: 6 days per week, for 2 weeks Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ mast cells ↓ CFU ↑ wound strength |
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| Fekrazad 2018 (90) | Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
660 | Continuous laser | 30mW*, 33sec, 2J/cm² Frequency: every 2 days, for 10 days Site: near to the wound |
No effect | |||||
| 810 | Continuous laser | 200mW*, 5sec, 2J/cm² Frequency: every 2 days, for 10 days Site: near to the wound |
No effect | |||||||
| 660 + 810 | Continuous laser | Same parameters | ↓ TGF-β1 | |||||||
| Asghari 2017 (91) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
890 | Pulsed laser | 0.324J/cm² Frequency: 6 days per week, for 2 weeks Site: 12, next to the wound |
↑ wound healing ↓ CFU |
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| Leite 2017 (92) |
Wistar rat Alloxan induced |
660 | Continuous laser | 1W/cm², 9 or 130sec, 10 or 140J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 3 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
140J/cm² > 10J/cm² ↑ wound healing ↑ mast cells number, VEGF, FGF, neovascularization ↓ leukocytes number |
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| Fahimipour 2016 (93) |
Albinos mice Streptozotocin induced |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 250mW/cm², 16sec, 4J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 14 days Sites: 2, next to the wound |
632.8 > 830 to improve healing ↑ density of collagen fibers ↑ number of fibroblasts ↑ neovascularization |
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| 830 | Continuous laser | 250mW/cm², 16sec, 4J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 14 days Sites: 2, next to the wound |
= | |||||||
| Fekrazad 2015 (94) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
425 | Continuous laser | 55mW/cm², 36sec, 2J/cm² Frequency: day 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 Site: 1, next to the wound |
Red > Blue & green ↑ wound healing |
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| 532 | Continuous laser | 50mW/cm², 40sec, 2J/cm² Frequency: day 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 Site: 1, next to the wound |
= | |||||||
| 630 | Continuous laser | 50mW/cm², 40sec, 2J/cm² Frequency: day 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 Site: 1, next to the wound |
= | |||||||
| Dancáková 2014 (95) |
SD rat Streptozotocin induced |
810 | Continuous laser | 30mW/cm², 30sec, 0.9J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 7 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ wound healing ↑ wound tensile & strength ↑ granulation tissue |
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| Aparecida da Silva 2013 (96) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
660 | Continuous laser | 1.43W/cm², 80sec, 4J/cm² Frequency: one session Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ collagen density ↓ MMP2 and MMP9 |
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| Fathabadie 2013 (97) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
890 | Pulsed laser | 1.08mW/cm², 200sec, 0.2J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 6 days Sites: 18, next to the wound |
↑ mast cells | |||||
| Firat 2013 (98) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
940 | Continuous laser | 1.1W/cm², 9sec, 10J/cm² Frequency: every 2 days, for 7 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ inflammation ↑ collagen synthesis ↑ fibroblasts |
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| Dadpay 2012 (99) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
890 | Pulsed laser | 1.08mW/cm², 30 or 300sec, 0.03 or 0.2J/cm² Frequency: 6 days per week, for 2 weeks Sites: 18, next to the wound |
↑ Enhancing maximum stress and elastic modulus | |||||
| Park 2012 (100) |
SD rat Streptozotocin induced |
980 | Continuous laser | 232.5mW/cm², 60sec, 13.95J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 14 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ inflammation cells infiltration ↑ number of fibroblasts ↑ wound healing |
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| Hegde 2011 (101) |
Swiss Albinos mice Streptozotocin induced |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 4.02mW/cm², 255 to 1277sec, 1 to 5J/cm² Frequency: once Site: 1, next to the wound |
The best = 3J/cm² ↑ wound healing ↑ collagen synthesis |
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| Peplow 2011 (102) |
Diabetic mice | 660 | Continuous laser | 233-313mW/cm², 20sec, 2J* 116-156mW/cm², 40 sec, 2J* 58-78mW/cm², 80sec, 2J* Frequency: once a day, for 7 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
Same effects between puissance ↑ wound healing ↑ epithelialization, granulation |
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| Akyol 2010 (104) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
808 | Continuous laser | 100mW/cm², 20sec, 2J/cm² Frequency: every 2 day, for 8 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ wound healing No effect on inflammation No effect on epithelialization |
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| Carvalho 2010 (103) |
Wistar rat Alloxan induced |
660 | Continuous laser | 166mW/cm², 24sec, 4J/cm² Frequency: unknown Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ fiber of collagen ↓ macrophages |
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| Chung 2010 (105) |
Diabetic mice | 660 | Continuous laser | 10sec -> 1J*, 20sec -> 1.6J*, 40sec -> 3.2J* Frequency: once a day, for 7 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
Best one = 1.6J/day ↑ wound healing |
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| Santos 2010 (106) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
660 | Continuous laser | 30mW* -> 2,5J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 8 days Sites: 16, next to the wound |
790 better than 660 ↑ angiogenesis |
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| 790 | Continuous laser | 40mW* -> 2,5J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 8 days Site: 16, next to the wound |
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| Al-Watban 2009 (107) |
SD rat Streptozotocin induced |
532 | Continuous laser | 20.4mW/cm², 290 to 1470sec, 5 to 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times per week |
Best = Laser 633 ↑ wound healing |
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| 633 | Continuous laser | 15.56mW/cm², 322 to 1932sec, 5 to 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times per week |
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| 810 | Continuous laser | 22.2mW/cm², 225 to 1350sec, 5 to 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times per week |
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| 980 | Continuous laser | 22.2mW/cm², 225 to 1350sec, 5 to 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times per week |
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| 1060 | Continuous laser | 66.37mW/cm², 75 to 450sec, 5 to 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times per week |
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| 510-872 | Continuous LED | 13.6mW/cm², 367 to 2206sec, 5 to 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times per week This was a polychromatous LED |
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| Güngörmüş 2009 (108) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
808 | Continuous laser | 10J/cm² Frequency: every 2 days for 8 days Site: unknown |
↑ wound healing | |||||
| Maiya 2009 (109) |
Wistar rat Alloxan induced |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 10mW/cm², 3 to 27min, 3 to 9J/cm² Frequency: 5 days per week until wound healing Site: 1, next to the wound |
3 to 7J/cm²: ↑ epithelialization, tissue granulation ↑ wound healing 8-9J/cm²: ↓ reparative process |
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| Carvalho 2006 (110) |
Wistar rat Alloxan induced |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 200mW/cm², 60sec, 4J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 14 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ fiber of collagen | |||||
| Rabelo 2006 (111) |
Wistar rat Streptozotocin induced |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 588mW/cm², 17sec, 10J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 15 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ wound area ↓ local inflammation ↓ inflammatory cells |
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| Maiya 2005 (112) |
Wistar rat Alloxan induced |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 4.8J/cm² Frequency: 5 days per week until wound healing Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ collagen ↑ fibroblastic and capillary proliferation ↑ granulation tissue formation, vascularization, epithelialization |
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| Byrnes 2004 (113) |
Purina sand rat chow 5L09 DT2 model |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 16mW/cm², 250sec, 4J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 3 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ wound closure ↑ collagen, bFGF ↑ neovascularization |
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| Reddy 2001 (114) |
SD rat Streptozotocin induced |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 1J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 5 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ collagen ↑ maximum strain ↑ toughness |
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| Haze 2022 (115) |
Human, n = 20 Diabetes RCT† |
808 | Continuous laser | 138mW/cm², 8min, 1.1J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 12 weeks Site: next to the wounds |
↓ wound area (12.5 vs. 1.5cm²) ↑ wound closure (49.4 vs. 97.3%) No side effects link to PBM |
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| Vitoriano 2019 (116) |
Human, n = 12 Diabetes RCT† (for 2 sources of light) |
850 | Continuous LED | 240mW/cm², 22sec, 14.64J/cm² Frequency: 2 times a week, for 5 weeks Sites: 6, next to the wound |
Laser seems better than LED ↓ wound area (1.45 to 0.64 vs 1.76 to 0.36cm²) |
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| 830 | Laser | 250mW/cm², 28sec, 15.48J/cm² Frequency: 2 times a week, for 5 weeks Sites: 3, next to the wound |
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| de Alencar Fonseca Santos 2018 (45) |
Human, n = 18 Diabetes RCT† |
660 | Continuous laser | 490mW/cm², 13sec, 6J/cm² Frequency: every 2 days, for 4 weeks Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ wound healing index ↑ pressure ulcer scale for healing No effect on pain (VAS) |
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| Frangez 2018 (117) |
Human, n = 60 Diabetes RCT† |
625 (24%) 660 (71%) 850 (5%) |
Pulsed LED | 5min, 2.4J/cm² Frequency: 3 times a week, for 8 weeks Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ Falanga score (score of healing) No effect on size |
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| Ruh 2018 (118) |
Human, n = 8 Diabetes Pre-Post ITV† |
660 | Continuous laser | 167mW/cm², 12sec, 2J/cm² Frequency: once a day for 12 days Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ wound size (data not shown) ↓ TNFα, ↑TGFβ, ↑VEGF No effect on IL6 |
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| Mathur 2017 (119) | Human, n = 30 T2D RCT† |
660 | Continuous laser | 50mW/cm², 60sec, 3J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 15 days Sites: 5-8, above the wound |
↑ wound closure (15% vs. 37%) No side effects |
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| Carvalho 2016 (120) |
Human, n = 32 DT2 RCT† |
658 | Continuous laser | 50mW/cm², 80sec, 4J/cm² Frequency: 3 times a week, for 4 weeks Site: 1, next to the wound |
↓ wound area (8.43 vs. 2.39cm²) ↓ pain (VAS: 4.8 vs 1.9) ↑ neovascularization |
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| Sandoval Ortíz 2014 (121) | Human, n = 9 Diabetes RCT† |
685 | Continuous laser | ~11mW/cm², 0.14-0.18sec, 1.5-2J/cm² Frequency: Unknown Sites: multiple along the edges of the ulcer and in the wound bed, next to the wound |
No effect on wound healing No effect on protective sensation No effect on QoL (EQ-5D) |
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| Kajagar 2012 (122) | Human, n = 68 T2D RCT† |
660 + 850 | Pulsed LED | 60mW*, 2-4J/cm² Frequency: once a day, for 15 days Site: 1, above the wound |
↓ ulcer area (decrease of 32 vs. 104cm²) | |||||
| Kaviani 2011 (123) |
Human, n =23 T2D RCT† |
685 | Continuous laser | 50mW/cm², 200sec, 10J/cm² Frequency: 6 days per week, at least 2 weeks Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ wound closure (47.3% vs 73.7% after 4 weeks) ↑ wound healing (non-ischemic wound) |
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| Minatel 2009 (124) |
Human, n = 14 Diabetes RCT† |
890 + 660 |
Continuous LED | 100mW/cm², 30sec, 3J/cm² Frequency: 2 times a week, for 3 months Site: 1, next to the wound |
↑ granulation ↑ wound closure (43.3% vs. 90.8%) |
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| Schindl 1999 (47) | Human, n = 8 Diabetes Descriptive† |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 30mW*, 30J/cm² Frequency: 3 times a week until wound healing Site: unknown |
100% of closure of chronic ulcers after 32 to 130 sessions | |||||
| Schindl 1998 (48) |
Human, n = 30 Diabetes RCT† |
632.8 | Continuous laser | 10mW/cm², 50min, 30J/cm² Frequency: 1 time Site: 1, skin surface |
↑ skin temperature ↑ microcirculation in patient with microangiopathy |
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†: PBM in addition to the standard wound care (rising, cleaning, drying), CFU, colony forming unit; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; LED, Light emitting diode; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinases; PBM, Photobiomodulation; Pre-Post ITV, Pre-post interventional trial; QoL, Quality of life; Rat SD, Rat Sprague Dawley; RCT, Randomized controlled trial; T2D, Type 2 diabetes; TGF, Transforming Growth factor; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; VAS, Visual analogic scale; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor. *Surface of PBM not reported.↑, increse; ↓, decrease; =, equal/same.