TABLE 4.

Effect of various fractions of H. aitchisonii on formalin-induced pain in mice.

Sample	Dose mg/kg b.wt	Total time spent in licking
		0–5 min	% Inhibition	15–30 min	% Inhibition
Negative control	-	56.21 ± 0.42	-	78.02 ± 0.45	-
Hd.Cr	10	27.32 ± 0.40	51.39***	40.81 ± 0.20	47.69***
	25	19.74 ± 0.76	64.88***	29.29 ± 0.47	62.45***
	50	12.56 ± 0.44	77.66***	19.90 ± 0.96	74.49***
Hd.Hex	10	47.31 ± 0.31	15.83ns	68.84 ± 0.30	11.77ns
	25	37.62 ± 0.82	33.07**	58.08 ± 0.47	25.56*
	50	29.77 ± 0.53	47.04***	45.42 ± 0.46	41.78**
Hd.Chf	10	15.02 ± 0.20	73.28***	24.76 ± 0.71	68.26***
	25	10.32 ± 0.30	81.64***	17.90 ± 0.96	77.06***
	50	7.60 ± 0.92	86.47***	14.44 ± 0.58	81.49***
Hd.EtAc	10	19.62 ± 0.60	65.10***	29.45 ± 0.90	62.25***
	25	13.52 ± 0.42	75.95***	23.58 ± 0.63	69.78***
	50	9.10 ± 0.12	83.81***	18.87 ± 0.85	75.81***
Hd.Bt	10	41.72 ± 0.52	25.77ns	61.76 ± 0.61	20.84ns
	25	35.50 ± 0.60	36.84**	52.49 ± 0.60	32.72*
	50	27.32 ± 0.64	51.40***	42.45 ± 0.90	45.59***
Hd.Aq	10	33.40 ± 0.20	40.58*	51.58 ± 0.63	33.89ns
	25	26.50 ± 0.52	52.85**	42.10 ± 0.60	46.04**
	50	20.40 ± 0.52	63.71***	32.51 ± 0.54	58.33***
Morphine	5 mg/kg	7.42 ± 0.72	86.80***	4.83 ± 0.60	93.81***

The values are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Data were analyzed via two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test compared to standard drugs (morphine). ns, not significant; Ha, H. aitchisonii; Cr, crude; Hex, hexane; Chf, chloroform; EtAc, ethyl acetate; Bt, butanol; Aq, aqueous fraction.