Table 2.
Descriptive statistics by time and group (intention to treat).
| Pre-intervention (T1) | Post-intervention (T2) | Follow-up I (T3) | Follow-up II (T4) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness +app | Mindfulness | App | Control | Mindfulness +app | Mindfulness | App | Control | Mindfulness +app | Mindfulness | App | Control | Mindfulness +app | Mindfulness | App | Control | |
| Outcome | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| Mindfulness | ||||||||||||||||
| Observing | 28.49 (6.05) | 28.81 (4.53) | 28.46 (5.82) | 28.39 (5.57) | 29.53 (4.25) | 30.57 (3.79) | 28.84 (4.34) | 28.35 (4.45) | 29.09 (4.90) | 29.53 (3.98) | 30.32 (3.73) | 29.60 (3.80) | 29.45 (4.27) | 29.25 (3.77) | 29.87 (3.09) | 29.16 (3.67) |
| Describing | 25.67 (7.33) | 26.38 (6.10) | 28.14 (6.40) | 27.24 (6.52) | 27.41 (6.58) | 28.73 (5.78) | 29.54 (4.95) | 28.82 (5.07) | 27.40 (7.25) | 28.25 (5.72) | 29.74 (4.55) | 29.53 (4.27) | 28.85 (5.89) | 29.64 (4.65) | 31.49 (3.67) | 30.71 (3.24) |
| Acting awareness | 24.76 (5.10) | 22.38 (6.12) | 23.71 (5.13) | 24.02 (5.47) | 24.72 (4.28) | 24.49 (5.11) | 24.68 (5.31) | 23.89 (5.35) | 26.42 (3.76) | 24.48 (4.56) | 25.25 (4.80) | 25.43 (3.70) | 24.85 (4.48) | 24.88 (4.15) | 24.21 (4.62) | 24.76 (2.96) |
| Non-judging | 24.09 (8.03) | 24.93 (8.34) | 25.16 (8.59) | 24.74 (7.89) | 26.72 (7.68) | 27.09 (8.38) | 28.83 (6.92) | 26.15 (8.10) | 29.39 (6.13) | 29.25 (6.82) | 28.26 (7.50) | 27.13 (6.53) | 26.05 (5.25) | 27.91 (5.75) | 26.54 (6.90) | 27.30 (4.71) |
| Non-reactivity | 18.87 (4.45) | 17.79 (4.19) | 17.05 (5.46) | 18.72 (5.91) | 20.55 (3.71) | 20.61 (4.40) | 19.82 (4.20) | 20.57 (4.66) | 20.67 (3.90) | 20.47 (3.86) | 21.02 (3.97) | 20.95 (4.13) | 19.99 (2.42) | 21.32 (2.99) | 20.39 (3.85) | 20.97 (3.42) |
| Mindful characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Body awareness | 3.45 (0.55) | 3.58 (0.49) | 3.49 (0.63) | 3.57 (0.58) | 3.71 (0.55) | 3.85 (0.51) | 3.73 (0.52) | 3.73 (0.58) | 3.60 (0.60) | 3.75 (0.65) | 3.82 (0.51) | 3.65 (0.57) | 3.86 (0.36) | 3.86 (0.36) | 3.89 (0.33) | 3.74 (0.33) |
| Non-attachment | 4.12 (0.84) | 4.07 (0.94) | 3.96 (1.01) | 3.89 (0.89) | 4.28 (0.76) | 4.05 (0.94) | 4.09 (0.82) | 4.02 (0.80) | 4.28 (0.72) | 4.16 (0.94) | 4.28 (0.77) | 4.15 (0.70) | 4.12 (0.46) | 4.14 (0.55) | 4.07 (0.57) | 4.09 (0.51) |
| Emotional regulation | ||||||||||||||||
| Reappraisal | 3.22 (0.83) | 3.04 (0.88) | 3.01 (0.92) | 3.15 (0.94) | 3.27 (0.79) | 3.15 (0.87) | 3.26 (0.63) | 3.18 (0.87) | 3.36 (0.69) | 3.21 (0.85) | 3.49 (0.62) | 3.36 (0.69) | 3.33 (0.54) | 3.33 (0.57) | 3.40 (0.46) | 3.40 (0.54) |
| Acceptance | 3.02 (0.91) | 3.20 (1.01) | 3.02 (0.99) | 3.13 (1.00) | 3.27 (0.73) | 3.33 (0.90) | 3.28 (0.84) | 3.35 (0.80) | 3.36 (0.69) | 3.34 (0.75) | 3.35 (0.78) | 3.31 (0.82) | 3.17 (0.69) | 3.37 (0.74) | 3.33 (0.60) | 3.41 (0.63) |
| Rumination | 4.02 (0.77) | 4.07 (0.80) | 4.00 (0.74) | 3.90 (0.84) | 3.74 (0.72) | 3.82 (0.90) | 3.61 (0.76) | 3.59 (0.88) | 3.55 (0.72) | 3.59 (0.81) | 3.68 (0.78) | 3.56 (0.75) | 3.74 (0.61) | 3.72 (0.68) | 3.75 (0.62) | 3.67 (0.54) |
| Mental Health | ||||||||||||||||
| Depression | 8.89 (4.48) | 9.95 (6.24) | 10.23 (5.17) | 9.17 (4.91) | 8.69 (4.38) | 8.68 (5.08) | 8.88 (4.43) | 9.54 (4.30) | 9.39 (4.03) | 8.22 (3.76) | 7.96 (3.13) | 8.60 (2.75) | 9.81 (3.78) | 8.44 (3.73) | 10.38 (3.91) | 8.89 (2.89) |
| Anxiety | 8.73 (5.22) | 9.38 (5.64) | 10.34 (4.55) | 9.39 (4.66) | 8.67 (4.15) | 8.28 (5.05) | 8.63 (3.98) | 8.87 (3.87) | 7.43 (3.47) | 7.53 (3.51) | 7.18 (2.26) | 7.57 (2.67) | 9.07 (3.19) | 8.14 (3.37) | 9.37 (3.42) | 8.59 (2.28) |
| Stress | 29.27 (6.86) | 28.86 (7.42) | 31.32 (6.80) | 29.52 (6.75) | 28.09 (6.15) | 28.00 (6.42) | 27.33 (6.69) | 27.89 (6.10) | 26.80 (6.25) | 26.49 (6.69) | 27.58 (5.95) | 26.57 (4.91) | 28.03 (4.96) | 27.64 (4.40) | 27.73 (4.82) | 27.69 (4.81) |
| Attentional abilities | ||||||||||||||||
| Concentration | 101.38 (11.28) | 102.31 (8.75) | 102.62 (8.05) | 104.30 (9.10) | 111.25 (8.72) | 111.12 (9.07) | 109.45 (7.19) | 110.00 (8.40) | 109.39 (2.11) | 109.25 (5.85) | 108.99 (2.98) | 109.51 (4.06) | – | – | – | – |
| Working accuracy | 101.69 (11.20) | 102.00 (11.07) | 103.90 (9.89) | 102.39 (10.00) | 109.03 (6.42) | 108.63 (7.80) | 109.08 (7.20) | 108.09 (9.52) | 106.54 (1.49) | 106.01 (3.52) | 106.59 (2.09) | 105.60 (3.01) | – | – | – | – |
| Working speed | 103.64 (11.49) | 104.29 (11.48) | 104.35 (11.55) | 106.15 (10.35) | 110.86 (9.15) | 111.28 (11.22) | 109.92 (9.56) | 111.41 (7.93) | 109.99 (2.35) | 109.63 (6.17) | 109.93 (3.46) | 110.00 (4.21) | – | – | – | – |