Table 2.
Burnout levels in the study populationsa.
| Study, year | Measure of burnout (MBIb) | Frequency distribution | Location and scale parameters | ||||||||
|
|
|
EEc | DPd | PAe | Criteria for burnout | Burnout | EE | DP | PA | Burnout | |
| Chokri et al [52], 2021 | MBI; normative data | 65%f, 15%, and 21% | 48%, 28%, and 23% | 32%, 25%, and 38% | 4 classes—high: EE+g, DP+, and PA−; moderate: 2 dimensions criticalh; low: 1 dimension critical; absent: no critical dimension | 11%, 41%, 32%, and 17% | Mean 31.03 (SD 15.5)i | Mean 9.8 (SD 6.0)i | Mean 34.3 (SD 8.0)i | N/Aj | |
| Portero de la Cruz et al [53], 2020 | MBI; normative data | 21%, 19%, and 60% | 43%, 28%, and 29% | 53%, 20%, and 26% | 3 classes—high: EE+, high DP+, and PA−; moderate: if not high and not absent; absent: EE−, DP−, and PA+ | 8%, 74%, and 18% | Mean 19.15 (SD 12.05)i | Mean 9.82 (SD 6.70)i | Mean 37.29 (SD 8.92)i | N/A | |
| Tiwari et al [66], 2020 | MBI; normative data | 38%, NRk, and NR | 31%, NR, and NR | NR, NR, and 21% | Binary classification: positive if EE+ or DP+ and PA− | 51% | NR | NR | NR | N/A | |
| Yang et al [69], 2018 | MBI; normative data | 37%, NR, and NR | 31%, NR, and NR | NR, NR, and 8% | Burnout score defined as the sum of the scores in the 3 dimensionsl | No threshold defined | Mean 24.38 (SD 9.38) | Mean 7.83 (SD 6.46) | Mean 29.38 (SD 8.53) | Mean 61.59 (SD 17.72) | |
| Lebensohn et al [59], 2013 | MBI; normative data | 14%, 28%, and 58% | 24%, 26%, and 51% | Not considered | 3 classes—high: EE+ and DP+; moderate: if not high and not low; low: EE− and DP− | 9%, 51%, and 41% | Mean 17.1 (SD 9.5) | Mean 6.38 (SD 4.7) | N/A | N/A | |
| McClafferty et al [60], 2021 | MBI; normative data | 20%, 25%, and 55% | 32%, 27%, and 42% | NR | 3 classes—high: EE+ and DP+; moderate: if not high and not low; low: EE− and DP− | 15%, 50%, and 35% | Mean 18.1 (SD 9.0) | Mean 7.4 (SD 4.9) | Mean 29.5 (SD 6.3) | N/A | |
| Olson et al [62], 2014 | MBI; normative data | NR, NR, and NR | NR, NR, and NR | Not considered | Binary classification: high if EE+ and DP+ | 54% | NR | NR | NR | N/A | |
| Bin Dahmash et al [51], 2020 | MBI; scoring key | 57%, NR, and NR | 32%, NR, and NR | NR, NR, and 65% | Binary classification: high if EE+ or DP+ and PA− | 24% | Mean 29.0 (SD 11.0) | Mean 9.60 (SD 6.08) | Mean 27.3 (SD 8.55) | N/A | |
| Feng et al [55], 2018 | MBI; scoring key | 55%i, 29%i, and 17%i | 46%i, 25%i, and 28%i | 71%i, 18%i, and 12%i | Binary classification: high if EE+ or DP+ and PA− | 63% | NR | NR | NR | N/A | |
| Hu et al [58], 2021 | MBI; scoring key | Physicians: 61%, 33%, and 6%; nurses: 57%, 37%, and 7% | Physicians: 37%, 36%, and 27%; nurses: 31%, 37%, and 32% | Physicians: 64%, 16%, and 20%; nurses: 66%, 14%, and 20% | Binary classification: high if EE+ or DP+ and PA− | Physicians: 71%; nurses: 68% | NR | NR | NR | N/A | |
| Vinnikov et al [67], 2019 | MBI; scoring key | Physicians: 32%, 29%, and 39%; nurses: 26%, 27%, and 47% | Physicians: 52%, 40%, and 8%; nurses: 45%, 37%, and 18% | Physicians: 16%, 16%, and 69%; nurses: 32%, 22%, and 46% | Not considered | N/A | Physicians: median 19 (IQR 15.8); nurses: median 18 (IQR 17) | Physicians: mean 14.1 (SD 6.4); nurses: median 12 (IQR 9) | Physicians: median 41 (IQR 9); nurses: median 38 (IQR 17) | N/A | |
| Vinnikov et al [68], 2021 | MBI; scoring key | Reported data were not consistent with the reported categorization | Reported data were not consistent with the reported categorization | Reported data were not consistent with the reported categorization | Not considered | N/A | Median 26 (IQR 19) | Median 15 (IQR 10) | Median 29 (IQR 15.8) | N/A | |
| Ajab et al [49], 2021 | MBI; Ajab et al [49] | 13%, 40%, and 47% | 4%, 23%, and 73% | 70%, 29%, and 1% | Not considered | N/A | NR | NR | NR | N/A | |
| Ghoraishian et al [56], 2022 | MBI; Ghoraishian et al [56] | 27%, 29%, and 43% | 16%, 19%, and 65% | 40%, 23%, and 37% | 4 classes—severe: EE+, DP+, and PA−; moderate: 2 dimensions critical; mild: 1 dimension critical; absent: no critical dimension | 7%, 16%, 27%, and 50% | NR | NR | NR | N/A | |
| Panse et al [63], 2020 | 9-item MBI (aMBIm) [74] | Moderate to severe: 64%; no to low: 36.2% | Moderate to severe: 26%; no to low: 74.1% | Moderate to severe: 91%; no to low: 9% | Burnout score defined as the sum of the scores in EE and DP and classified as binary (cutoff of ≥19; no reference provided for the validation of this cutoff) | 49% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Goldberg et al [57], 1996 | MBI | Not considered | Not considered | Not considered | Binary classification: moderate to high levels of burnout according to the Golembiewski classificationn | 61% | Mean 23.31 (SD 8.55) | Mean 20.70 (SD 8.49) | Mean 24.72 (SD 9.17) | NR | |
| Alvares et al [50], 2020 | MBI | Physicians: 27%, NR, and NR; nurses: 31%, NR, and NR | Physicians: 7%, NR, and NR; nurses: 6%, NR, and NR | Physicians: NR, NR, and 9%; nurses: NR, NR, and 12% | Two binary classifications: (1) critical values in all the dimensions and (2) critical values in at least one dimension | Physicians: (1) 1% and (2) 34%; nurses: (1) 0% and (2) 39% | NR | NR | NR | N/A | |
| Shanafelt et al [65], 2012 | 2 single-item measures adapted from the MBI [75]o | EE reported at least weekly: 23% | DP reported at least weekly: 15% | N/A | Binary classificationi: high if EE+ or DP+ | 27% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Reed et al [64], 2020 | 1 single question [76]p | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 50% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
aFrequency distribution from high to low. Independent of the way the authors reported the frequency distribution for PA, in accordance with Maslach et al [72], we considered low PA as a condition characterizing burnout. The numbers in the frequency distribution are rounded to percentage units.
bMBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory. In total, 3 categories were defined: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and PA. Most recent edition: Maslach et al [77].
cEE: emotional exhaustion.
dDP: depersonalization.
ePA: personal accomplishment.
fItalics indicate critical values for burnout.
gThe burnout dimension is in the high range (+) or low range (−).
hWhen referring to MBI and not otherwise specified, critical levels in burnout dimensions mean high in EE and DP and low in PA.
iAuthors’ interpretation.
jN/A: not applicable.
kNR: not reported.
lThe proposed burnout score does not consider that PA should be interpreted in the opposite direction from EE and DP as a low degree of burnout is reflected in high scores on PA [72].
maMBI: abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory.
nRaw data from the MBI used to divide the burnout process into 8 phases, with phases I-III representing a low degree and phases IV-V and VI-VIII representing moderate and high degrees, respectively [78].
oMBI adapted.
pMiniZ (adapted).