TABLE 1.
Drug targets that modify the metabolism of immune cells.
| Metabolism pathway | Name | Targeted molecule | Effect on metabolism | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OXPHOS | Oligomycin [15, 16] | ATP synthase | Inhibition | Streptomyces diastatochromogenes |
| OXPHOS | Rotenone [17] | Mitochondrial Complex I | Inhibition | Roots |
| OXPHOS | Antimycine A [18, 19] | Mitochondrial Complex III | Inhibition | Streptomyces kitazawensis |
| OXPHOS | Myxothiazol [20] | Mitochondrial Complex III | Inhibition | Myxococcus fulvus |
| OXPHOS and FAO | Metformin [21–23] | AMP Kinase Complex I FAO | Activation | Galega officinalis |
| Inhibition | ||||
| Increase | ||||
| Glycolysis | 2-DG [24–26] | Hexokinase | nhibition | De novo synthesis |
| Glycolysis | Galactose [27, 28] | Pyruvate | Inhibition | Milk |
| Glycolysis | 3-bromopyruvate [29] | Hexokinase II | Inhibition | Escherichia coli |
| Glycolysis | Ritonavir [30] | GLUT1 and 4 | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| Glycolysis | FX11 [31] | LDHA | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| Glycolysis | DCA [32] | PDK2 | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| Glycolysis | 4-CIN [33] | Monocarboxylate transporter | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| Glycolysis | TEPP-46 [34–36] | PKM2 | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| Glutamine | DON [37, 38] | Glutaminase | Inhibition | Streptomyces |
| Glutamine | BPTES [39] | Glutaminase | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| Glutamine | CK [40] | Glutaminase | Inhibition | Escherichia coli |
| FAO | Etomoxir [41, 42] | CPT1a | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| FAO | AICAR [43] | AMP kinase | Increase | Escherichia coli |
| FAS | C75 cerulenin, C75, orlistat, C93 [44] | Fatty acid synthase | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
| FAS | TOFA [45] | Acetyl CoA carboxylase | Inhibition | De novo synthesis |
AICAR, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; BPTES, bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide; CPT1a, Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1a; CK, L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid; DON, 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-Norleucine; DCA, dichloroacetic acid; FAO, Fatty acid oxidation; FAS, Fatty acid synthesis; FX11, 3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid; GLUT, Glucose transporter; PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2; LDHA, Lactate dehydrogenase-A; OXPHOS, Oxidative phosphorylation; PDK2, Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2; TEPP, thieno-pyrrole-pyridazinone; TOFA, 5-tetradecyloxy-2-furoic acid; 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose; 4-CIN, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnate.