TABLE 2.

Comprehensive geriatric assessment of older patients with diabetes. ²

Health status grade	Physical and functional status of elderly patients with diabetes
Good Health (Group 1)	No comorbidity or has ≤2 non‐diabetes chronic illnesses (including stroke, hypertension, stage 1–3 chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, etc.) and no ADL impairment and ≤1 IADL impairment
Intermediate Health (Group 2)	Three or more non‐diabetes chronic illnesses (including stroke, hypertension, stage 1–3 chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, etc.) and/or any one of the following: (1) mild cognitive impairment or early dementia; (2) ≥2 IADL impairments
Poor Health (Group 3)	Any one of the following: (1) one or more chronic illnesses with limited treatments and reduced life expectancy (including metastatic malignancies, lung disease requiring oxygen therapy, end‐stage renal disease requiring dialysis, and advanced heart failure); (2) moderate to severe dementia; (3) ≥2 ADL impairments; (4) residence in a long‐term nursing facility

Note: ADL indicates activities of daily living; IADL indicates instrumental activities of daily living. Cognitive function assessment is conducted with the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The MMSE focuses on screening for overall cognitive function (temporal and spatial orientation, arithmetic skills, memory, language abilities, attention, and visuospatial skills), and test scores are closely associated with the patient's education level. Mocap is a rapid screening tool used for the detection of mild cognitive impairment, encompassing 11 tasks within eight cognitive domains: attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuospatial structure skills, abstract thinking, calculation, and orientation.