Table 3.
Clinical characteristics on admission associated with progression to critical illness within 28 days of follow-up
| Variables | All patients (n=477) n (%) | Did not progress to critical illness (n=432) n (%) | Progressed to critical illness (n=45) n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age (years)
| ||||
| ≤39 | 87 (18.2) | 87 (20.1) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| 40-59 | 195 (40.9) | 185 (42.8) | 10 (22.2) | |
| 60-79 | 153 (32.1) | 127 (29.4) | 26 (57.8) | |
| ≥80 | 42 (8.8) | 33 (7.6) | 9 (20.0) | |
|
Sex | ||||
| Male | 239 (50.1) | 212 (49.1) | 27 (60.0) | >0.05 |
|
Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 220 (46.1) | 188 (43.5) | 32 (71.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 139 (29.1) | 120 (27.8) | 19 (42.2) | 0.042 |
| Cardiovascular disease1 | 109 (22.9) | 88 (20.4) | 21 (46.7) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease2 | 87 (18.2) | 71 (16.4) | 16 (35.6) | 0.002 |
| Neuropsychiatric condition 3 | 41 (8.6) | 31 (7.2) | 10 (22.2) | 0.003 |
| Immune compromised state4 | 34 (7.1) | 26 (6) | 8 (17.8) | 0.009 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 29 (6.1) | 24 (5.6) | 5 (11.1) | >0.05 |
| Chronic liver disease | 6 (1.3) | 5 (1.2) | 1 (2.2) | >0.05 |
| ≥1 Comorbidity | 311 (65.2) | 271 (62.7) | 40 (88.9) | <0.001 |
|
Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 20 (4.2) | 17 (3.9) | 3 (6.7) | >0.05 |
| Former | 78 (16.4) | 70 (16.2) | 8 (17.8) | |
| Never | 379 (79.5) | 345 (79.9) | 34 (75.6) | |
|
Body mass index5 | ||||
| ≤24.9 | 95 (23.2) | 85 (22.9) | 10 (25.6) | >0.05 |
| 25.0 - 29.9 | 159 (38.8) | 143 (38.5) | 14 (41.0) | |
| ≥30.0 | 156 (38) | 143 (38.5) | 13 (33.3) | |
| Time from illness onset to hospitalization, median (IQR) | 5 (3.0-8.0) | 5.0 (3.0-8.0) | 6.5 (2.0-9.5) | >0.05 |
|
Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature ≥38°C | 91 (19.2) | 76 (17.6) | 15 (34.9) | 0.006 |
| Heart rate >90 beats/min | 268 (56.5) | 238 (55.2) | 30 (69.8) | 0.067 |
| Systolic BP ≤100 mmHg | 74 (15.6) | 67 (15.5) | 7 (16.7) | >0.05 |
| Mean arterial BP <65 mmHg | 8 (1.7) | 6 (1.4) | 2 (4.8) | >0.05 |
| Respiratory rate ≥22/min | 304 (64.1) | 268 (62.5) | 36 (80.0) | 0.020 |
| Oxygen saturation ≤93% | 157 (33.1) | 124 (28.8) | 33 (75.0) | <0.001 |
| qSOFA >1 | 61 (12.9) | 50 (11.6) | 11 (26.2) | 0.007 |
|
WHO scale on admission | ||||
| WHO-2 | 58 (12.2) | 58 (13.4) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| WHO-3 | 296 (62.1) | 287 (66.4) | 9 (20) | |
| WHO-4 | 119 (24.9) | 86 (19.9) | 33 (73.3) | |
| WHO-5 | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (6.7) | |
|
Laboratory findings | ||||
| Lymphocyte <800/ mm3 | 89 (18.9) | 67 (15.7) | 22 (48.9) | <0.001 |
| CRP ≥30 mg/dL | 218 (46.8) | 177 (42) | 41 (91.1) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin ≥0.25 µg/L | 21 (11) | 30 (7.1) | 21 (46.7) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin >300 µg/L | 126 (27.8) | 97 (23.8) | 29 (64.4) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer ≥1.0 mg/L | 128 (27.4) | 99 (23.3) | 29 (67.4) | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen >400 mg/dL | 264 (64.2) | 233 (62) | 31 (88.6) | 0.002 |
| LDH ≥350 U/L | 108 (23) | 84 (19.8) | 24 (53.3) | <0.001 |
| Troponin T >14 ng/L | 89 (22.4) | 66 (18.2) | 23 (65.7) | <0.001 |
|
Period of admission to hospital | ||||
| 12-27 March | 31 (6.5) | 22 (5.1) | 9 (20) | <0.001 |
| 28 March-11 April | 208 (43.6) | 190 (44) | 18 (40) | |
| 12-26 April | 158 (33.1) | 142 (32.9) | 16 (35.6) | |
| 27 April-12 May | 80 (18.8) | 78 (18.1) | 2 (4.4) | |
IQR: Interquartile range, BP: Blood pressure, qSOFA: Quick sepsis-related organ dysfunction assessment, CRP: C-reactive protein, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, WHO: World Health Organization.
1 Excluding hypertension.
2 Includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
3 Includes dementia, cerebrovascular disease and psychiatric conditions.
4 Includes rheumatologic disorders, immunosuppressive treatment, recent diagnosis of hematologic/solid organ malignancy.
5 The body mass index (BMI) was missing in 67 (14.0%) participants.