Table 2.
Cognitive function in all participants
| 1. Drug naïve BD (n = 57) | 2. BD with long-term medication (n = 64) | 3. HCs (n = 50) | F | p | Post-hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immediate memory | 39.41 (9.11) | 38.16 (9.43) | 48.60 (4.75) | 25.748 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| Visuospatial | 33.64 (4.02) | 34.11 (2.90) | 36.78 (1.95) | 15.669 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| Language | 28.259 (4.620) | 27.555 (5.33) | 33.76 (4.64) | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 | |
| Attention | 70.63 (10.24) | 69.48 (9.20) | 78.40 (6.66) | 15.847 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| Delayed memory | 47.27 (6.55) | 46.59 (8.34) | 54.28 (3.76) | 21.699 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| RBANS total | 219.21 (26.08) | 215.90 (25.79) | 251.82 (14.10) | 39.427 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| Stroop word | 100.80 (16.99) | 94.70 (17.74) | 121.22 (16.24) | 35.854 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| Stroop color | 69.41 (15.97) | 65.42 (15.04) | 85.10 (11.44) | 28.116 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| Stroop color-word | 38.79 (10.98) | 37.97 (9.55) | 50.24 (9.22) | 25.283 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
| Stroop total | 209.00 (38.86) | 198.09 (36.77) | 256.56 (28.29) | 41.905 | <0.001 | 1, 2<3 |
BD, bipolar disorder; RBANS: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status