Table 2.

Nanoparticle-mediated T cell regulation in cancer therapy

Nanoparticle	Cancer type/Cell line	Size (nm)/Zeta potential (mV)	Highlights	Reference
Polymeric nanoparticles	Lung cancer/LLC cells	75.9 ± 0.98 nm/32.5 ± 1.5 mv	ROS-responsive nanocarriers for the co-delivery of FGL1- and PD-L1-siRNA Development of nanoparticles from poly-l-lysine-thioketal and modified cis-aconitate to facilitate endosomal escape Functionalization of nanoparticles with iRGD peptide Enhancing infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in cancer immunotherapy	[305]
Chiral nanoparticles	Lymphoma/EG7.OVA cells	-	Stimulation of NK and CD8+ T cells	[306]
Biomimetic nanoparticles	Colon cancer/CT26 cells	-	The phospholipid nanoparticles (PL1) can provide targeted delivery of mRNA (CD137 or OX40) in the stimulation of T cells	[307]
Cisplatin nanoparticles	Lung cancer/LLC	14.4 ± 3.3 nm/-12.8 mV	Enhancing CD8+ T cell priming through elevating antigen presentation and providing T cell crosstalk	[308]
Lipid nanoparticles	Colon cancer/MC38 cells	-	Stimulation of CD8+ T cells and reprogramming TME to disrupt the proliferation of cancer cells	[309]
Endogenous antigen-carrying nanoparticles	Breast cancer/4T1 cells	−15 ± 3.3 mV	Increasing proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promoting the ratio of cytotoxic T cells compared to Treg cells	[310]
Cationic polymeric nanostructures	Melanoma/B16F10 cells	163.9 ± 0.61 nm, 523.9 ± 15 nm and 1278.3 ± 27 nm/less than 60 mV	Development of nanocarriers based on polyadmidoamine dendrimers and poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Development of cancer vaccine Enhancing the number of T cells in the peripheral blood	[311]
Platelet	Breast cancer/4T1 cells	−38.0 ± 0.4 mV	Co-delivery of anti-PD-L1 antibodies and iron oxide nanoparticles as photothermal agents in cancer therapy Stimulation of necrosis through phototherapy Stimulation of innate immune responses Promoting infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells	[312]
Bacterial membrane-coated nanoparticles	Melanoma/B78 cells	207 nm/-11 mV	Comprised of PC7A/CpG core with immune system induction ability The presence of bacterial membrane and imide groups can increase antigen retrieval Capturing neoantigens and their presentation to dendritic cells Stimulation of T cell responses	[313]
Photo-responsive prodrug nanoparticles	Colon cancer/CT26 cells	88.1–119.2 nm	Delivery of VPF as photosensitizer, FRRG and doxorubicin Stimulation of immunogenic cell death ERP effect Maturation of dendritic cells for cross-presenting of antigens to T cells	[314]
K3ZrF7:Yb/Er upconversion nanocarriers	Breast cancer/4T1 cells	20 nm	Increasing ROS levels Capase-1 upregulation Gasdermin D cleavage IL-1β maturity Cytolysis induction Increasing dendritic cell maturation and promoting number of effector-memory T cells	[315]
Prodrug nanoparticles	Colon cancer/CT26 cells	70 nm/-17 mV	Targeted delivery of camptothecin and assembling with PEGylated lipids Increasing half-life and blood circulation Enhancing infiltration of CD8+ T cells	[316]
Lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles	Melanoma/B16F10 cells	30 nm/-20 mV	Apoptosis induction Acceleration of immunosuppression Polarization of macrophages into M1 phenotype Increasing CD8+ T cells	[317]