Table 2.

Associations of government perceptions, welfare stigma, and discrimination with safety-net program participation/receipt.^a,b

	OR (95% CI)
	SNAP participants vs nonparticipants	EITC recipients vs nonrecipients
Government perceptions
Principal component 1: More expansive role of government	0.89 (0.78, 1.02)	1.08 (0.86, 1.35)
Principal component 2: Positive perception of government	1.01 (0.86, 1.18)	0.87 (0.67, 1.13)
Welfare stigma
Principal component 1: Program stigma	1.01 (0.91, 1.11)	1.06 (0.91, 1.24)
Principal component 2: Social stigma	1.24* (1.05, 1.47)	1.39* (1.05, 1.84)
Discrimination
Principal component 1: Frequent experiences of discrimination	1.14 (1.00, 1.29)	0.96 (0.79, 1.17)

^aModels adjusted for participant characteristics (ie, age, gender, race and ethnicity, education, marital status), reduction in income during COVID-19 pandemic, household income, number of children in the household, food insecurity, and participation in WIC. ^*P < .05.

^bn ranges from 467 to 476 for SNAP participants and from 310 to 317 for EITC participants, depending on model.

Abbreviations: EITC, Earned Income Tax Credit; OR, odds ratio; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.