Table 1.
Summary of preclinical studies examining the effect of nicotinic manipulations on opioid reward.
| References | Species | Sex | Nicotinic Manipulation | Opioid Reward Test | Result on Opioid Reward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Loney et al., 2021) | Long-Evans rats | male | 1. nicotine 0.4 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. SA FR-3 remifentanil 3.2 μg/kg, i.v. morphine 0.3 mg/kg, i.v. or CPP morphine 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, s.c. |
1. ↑ SA remifentanil and morphine ↓ CPP morphine 5 and 10 mg/kg ↑ CPP morphine 20 mg/kg |
| 2. nicotine 4 μg intra-IC | 2. CPP morphine 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. ↓ CPP morphine 5 mg/kg ↑ CPP morphine 10 mg/kg ↔ CPP morphine 20 mg/kg |
|||
| (Shams et al., 2006) | Swiss-Webster mice | male | 1. nicotine 0.0006–0.1 mg/kg, i.p. during test | CPP morphine 5 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. ↓ CPP expression |
| 2. nicotine 0.007–25 ng, i.c.v. during test | 2. ↓ CPP expression | ||||
| (Vihavainen et al., 2008a) | NMRI mice | male | nicotine 50–500 μg/mL, drinking water 7 weeks before conditioning | CPP morphine 5 or 10 mg/kg, s.c. | CPP obtained with 5 mg/kg morphine only in nicotine pretreated group, CPP obtained with 10 mg/kg in both nicotine pretreated and control groups |
| (Rezayof et al., 2007) | Wistar rats | male | 1. nicotine 0.25, 0.5 or 1 μg, intra-VTA | 1. CPP morphine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. morphine CPP obtained only with nicotine 0.5 or 1 μg |
| 2. mecamylamine 2.5, 5 or 7.5 μg, intra-VTA | 2. CPP morphine 5 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. ↓ morphine CPP with mecamylamine 5 or 7.5 μg | |||
| 3. nicotine 1 μg + mecamylamine 5, 7.5 or 10 μg, intra-VTA | 3. CPP morphine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 3. morphine CPP obtained only with nicotine 1 μg, reversed by mecamylamine 7.5 or 10 μg | |||
| (Rezayof et al., 2006) | Wistar rats | male | 1. nicotine 0.25, 0.5 or 1 μg, intra-dHipp | 1. CPP morphine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. morphine CPP obtained only with nicotine 0.75 or 1 μg |
| 2. mecamylamine 2, 4 or 8 μg, intra-dHipp | 2. CPP morphine 6 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. ↓ morphine CPP with mecamylamine 2, 4 or 8 μg | |||
| 3. nicotine 0.5, 0.75 or 1 μg + mecamylamine 8 μg, intra-dHipp | 3. CPP morphine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 3. morphine CPP obtained only with nicotine, ↓ by mecamylamine | |||
| (Hall et al., 2011) | Wistar rats | male | use-dependent nAChR antagonist BTMPS 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | SA FR-1 morphine 0.25–1 mg/kg, i. | ↓ SA ↓ morphine seeking during abstinence |
| (Zarrindast et al., 2003) | NMRI mice | female | mecamylamine 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, i.p. | CPP morphine 5 mg/kg, i.p. | ↓ CPP acquisition |
| 1. nicotine 0.75, 1 or 2 μg, intra-BLA | 1. CPP morphine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. morphine CPP obtained only with nicotine 0.75, 1 or 2 μg | |||
| 2. mecamylamine 1, 3 or 6 μg, intra-BLA | 2. CPP morphine 7.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. ↓ morphine CPP with mecamylamine 1, 3 or 6 μg | |||
| (Zarrindast et al., 2005) | Wistar rats | male | 3. physostigmine 1, 3 or 5 μg, intra-BLA + atropine 7 μg, intra-BLA or + mecamylamine 6 μg, intra-BLA | 3. CPP morphine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 3. morphine CPP obtained with physostigmine, reversed by atropine but not mecamylamine |
| 4. nicotine 0.75, 1 or 2 ug, intra-BLA + atropine 7 μg, intra-BLA or + mecamylamine 6 μg, intra-BLA | 4. CPP morphine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 4. morphine CPP obtained with nicotine, reversed by mecamylamine but not atropine | |||
| (Feng et al., 2011) | BALB/c mice | male | 1. nicotine alone 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. as reinstating stimulus | CPP morphine 10 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. no reinstatement with nicotine |
| 2. DHβE 5 mg/kg, s.c. or MLA 4 mg/kg, s.c. during drug prime reinstate physostigmine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. ↓ CPP reinstatement with either DHβE or MLA | ||||
| (Zhou et al., 2006) | Sprague-Dawley rats | male | + scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or + mecamylamine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or + saline | SA FR-5 heroin 0.05 mg/kg, i.v. | ↓ SA physostigmine alone, reversed by scopolamine but not by mecamylamine |
| (Wright et al., 2019) | 1. C57BL/6 mice | male | |||
| Wistar rats | 1. methyllycaconitine, 4 mg/kg, s.c. during conditioning, test or drug prime reinstatement | 1. CPP morphine 10 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. ↔ CPP acquisition ↔ CPP expression ↓ CPP reinstatement |
||
| 2. methyllycaconitine 6.75 μg intra-dHipp, -vHipp or -mPFC during reinstatement | CPP morphine 5 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. ↓ CPP reinstatement intra-vHipp only |
Abbreviations: BLA=basolateral amygdala; CPP=conditioned place preference; dHipp=dorsal hippocampus; FR=fixed ratio; IC=insular cortex; i.c.v.=intracerebroventricular; i.p.=intraperitoneal; i.v.=intravenous; mPFC=medial prefrontal cortex; nAChR=nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; SA=self-administration; s.c.=subcutaneous; vHipp=ventral hippocampus.