Table 2.
Summary of preclinical studies examining the effect of opioid manipulations on nicotine reward.
| References | Species | Sex | Opioid Manipulation | Nicotine Reward Test | Result on Nicotine Reward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Biala and Budzynska, 2006) | Wistar rats | male | morphine 10 mg/kg, i.p. as reinstating stimulus | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, i.p. | induces reinstatement |
| (Zarrindast et al., 2003) | NMRI mice | female | naloxone 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p. | CPP nicotine 1 mg/kg, i.p. | ↓ nicotine CPP, CPA with naloxone alone |
| (Corrigall and Coen, 1991) | Long-Evans rats | male | naltrexone 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg, s.c. | SA FR-5 nicotine 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. | ↔ SA |
| (Liu et al., 2009) | Sprague-Dawley rats | male | naltrexone 0.25,1 or 2 mg/kg, s.c. during SA or cue maintenance in extinction or cue reinstatement | SA FR-5 nicotine 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. | ↔ SA ↓ cue maintenance ↓ cue reinstatement |
| (DeNoble and Mele, 2006) | Long-Evans rats | male | naloxone 0.75, 1.5 or 3 mg/kg, i.p. | SA FR-1 nicotine 0.32 mg/kg, i.v. | ↔ SA 1. ↓ CPP ↔ CPA |
| Walters et al., 2005 | C57BL6 mice | male | 1. naloxone 1 mg/kg, s.c. during test day |
CPP nicotine 1 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. ↓ CPP ↔ CPA |
| 2. MOR KO vs WT | CPA nicotine 2 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. CPP in WT only CPA in both KO and WT |
|||
| (Trigo et al., 2009) | C57BL/6 J mice | male | β-endorphin KO vs WT | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | CPP in WT only |
| (Berrendero et al., 2002) | C57/BL6 mice | female and male | MOR KO vs WT | CPP nicotine 0.5, 0.7 or 1 mg/kg, s.c. | CPP 0.5 or 0.7 mg/kg in WT only |
| (Ismayilova and Shoaib, 2010) | Lister rats | male | 1. Naloxone 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, s.c. | SA FR-3 nicotine 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. | 1. ↓ SA 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg |
| 2. DOR antag naltrindole 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, s.c. | 2. ↔ SA | ||||
| 3. KOR agonist U50,488 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, s.c. | 3. ↓ SA 3 mg/kg | ||||
| (Liu and Jernigan, 2011) | Sprague-Dawley rats | male | 1. MOR antag naloxonazine 5 or 15 mg/kg, i.p. | SA FR5 nicotine 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. | 1. ↓ SA |
| 2. DOR antag naltrindole 0.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p. | 2. ↔ SA | ||||
| 3. KOR antag GNTI 0.25 or 1 mg/kg, i.p. | 3. ↔ SA | ||||
| Berrendero et al., 2012 | C57BL/6 J mice | male | 1. DOR KO vs. WT | 1. CPP nicotine 0.17 mg/kg, s.c. or SA FR-1 nicotine 0.015 or 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. |
SA DOR < WT acquisition and intake |
| 2. DOR antag naltrindole 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p. |
2. SA FR-1 and PR nicotine 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. | 2. SA ↓ FR acquisition ↔ PR breakpoint | |||
| (Berrendero et al., 2005) | C57BL/6 J mice | female and male | enk KO vs WT | CPP nicotine 0.25, 0.5 or 1 | CPP in WT |
| (Al-Hasani et al., 2013) | C57BL/6 mice | male | KOR agonist U50,488 5 mg/kg, i.p. as reinstating stimulus | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | induces reinstatement |
| (Grella et al., 2014) | Long Evans rats | male | 1. KOR antag nor-BNI 10 mg/kg, i.p. during yoh reinstatement | SA FR-3 or -5 nicotine 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. | 1. ↓ yoh reinstatement |
| 2. KOR agonist U50,488 1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p. as reinstating stimulus | 2. induces reinstatement | ||||
| 3. nor-BNI 10 mg/kg, i.p. during cue reinstatement | 3. ↔ cue reinstatement | ||||
| (Smith et al., 2012) | C57BL/6 mice | male | 1. KOR antag nor-BNI 10 mg/kg, i.p. during swim stress reinstatement | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. ↓ stress reinstatement |
| 2. KOR agonist U50,488 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p. as reinstating stimulus + nor-BNI 10 mg/kg, i.p. | 2. U50,488 induces reinstatement, reversed by nor-BNI | ||||
| 3. U50,488 5 mg/kg, i.p. as reinstating stimulus + nor-BNI 2.5 μg intra-Amyg or intra-VPN | 3. U50,488 induces reinstatement, reversed by nor-BNI intra-Amyg, but not intra-VPN | ||||
| (Jackson et al., 2010) | ICR mice | male | KOR antag JDTic 8 or 16 mg/kg, s.c, on test | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | ↔ expression |
| Jackson et al., 2013 | ICR mice | male | KOR antag nor-BNI 10 mg/kg, s.c. during drug prime or swim stress reinstatement | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | ↔ drug prime reinstatement ↓ stress reinstatement |
| (Galeote et al., 2008) | C57BL/6 J mice | male | proDYN KO vs. WT | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. or SA FR-1 or PR nicotine 0.0052-0.0855 mg/kg, i.v. | CPP KO = WT SA acquisition KO > WT at 0.0052 mg/kg dose PR breakpoint KO < WT at 0.0427 mg/kg dose |
| (Nygard et al., 2016) | C57BL/6 J mice | male | 1. KOR antag nor-BNI 10 mg/kg, i.p. during footshock, yoh or drug prime reinstatement | CPP nicotine 0.5 mg/kg, s.c. | 1. ↓ footshock reinstatement ↓ yoh reinstatement ↔ drug prime reinstatement |
| 2. KOR KO vs pre-pro-DYN KO vs WT during yoh or drug prime reinstatement | 2. ↓ yoh reinstatement ↔ drug prime reinstatement each KO vs WT | ||||
| 3. nor-BNI 2.5 μg, intra-BLA during acquisition or yoh reinstatement or drug prime reinstatement | 3. ↔ acquisition ↔ drug prime reinstatement ↓ yoh reinstatement | ||||
| 4. KOR cKO AAV-cre-GFP or AAV-GFP, intra BLA footshock and drug prime reinstatement | 4. ↓ footshock reinstatement ↔ drug prime reinstatement AAV-cre-GFP vs AAV-GFP | ||||
| 5. AAV5-CaMKIIa-hM4D(Gi)-mCitrine or control virus DREADD into BLA, CNO activation as reinstating stimulus | 5. induces nicotine seeking, AAV5-CaMIIa-hM4D(Gi)-mCitrine DREADD only | ||||
| (Cippitelli et al., 2016) | Sprague-Dawley rats | male | 1. NOP agonist AT-202 0.3, 1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p. | SA FR-1 co-use nicotine 0.03 mg/kg, i.v. ethanol 10 % oral, 01. mL | 1. ↑ nicotine SA ↔ ethanol SA |
| 2. NOP antag SB612111 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p. | 2. ↓ nicotine SA 5 and 10 mg/kg ↓ ethanol SA 10 mg/kg only | ||||
| (Sakoori and Murphy, 2009) | C57BL/6 mice | male | NOP receptor KO vs WT | SA 2-bottle choice nicotine 3, 6, 12, 25 or 50 μg/mL, oral | intake KO > WT 3 μg/mL KO = WT 6, 12, 25 or 50 μg/mL |
Abbreviations: AAV=adeno-associated virus; Amyg=amygdala; BLA=basolateral amygdala; CaMKII=calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CNO=clozapine N-oxide; CPA=conditioned place aversion; CPP=conditioned place preference; DOR=delta opioid receptor; DREADD=designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug; DYN=dynorphin; enk=enkephalin gene; FR=fixed ratio; GFP=green fluorescent protein; i.p.=intraperitoneal; i.v.=intravenous; KO=knockout; KOR=kappa opioid receptor; MOR=mu opioid receptor; NOP=nociception opioid peptide; nor-BNI=nor-binaltorphimine; PR=progressive ratio; SA=self-administration; s.c.=subcutaneous; VPN=ventral posterior thalamic nucleus; WT=wild-type; yoh=yohimbine.