Table 2.

Adjusted Odds Ratios of Reporting Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Disability—Urban Respondents (N = 1,683)

Variable	M1: Age group			M2: Education			M3: Morbidities			M4: Marital status			M5: Housing conditions
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL		LL	UL
Women	1.66***	1.35	2.04	1.52***	1.22	1.89	1.46**	1.17	1.82	1.26	0.97	1.65	1.26	0.96	1.65
(50–59)
60–69	1.44**	1.13	1.85	1.37*	1.07	1.77	1.23	0.95	1.60	1.19	0.92	1.54	1.18	0.91	1.54
70–79	3.00***	2.28	3.94	2.71***	2.04	3.61	2.42***	1.80	3.24	2.26***	1.67	3.05	2.24***	1.66	3.03
80+	6.44***	4.24	9.77	5.61***	3.64	8.65	4.92***	3.16	7.67	4.48***	2.85	7.03	4.50***	2.86	7.07
Greater Accra
Ashanti	0.89	0.65	1.20	0.83	0.61	1.13	0.88	0.65	1.21	0.89	0.65	1.22	0.96	0.70	1.33
Brong Ahafo	0.52**	0.35	0.78	0.49**	0.32	0.73	0.53**	0.35	0.80	0.53**	0.35	0.81	0.57**	0.37	0.87
Central	1.49*	1.02	2.18	1.38	0.94	2.03	1.57*	1.06	2.34	1.56*	1.05	2.32	1.68*	1.12	2.52
Eastern	1.14	0.79	1.66	1.10	0.76	1.61	1.17	0.80	1.71	1.16	0.79	1.71	1.22	0.83	1.79
Northern	0.86	0.51	1.45	0.72	0.42	1.24	0.84	0.48	1.44	0.84	0.49	1.45	0.91	0.52	1.59
Upper East	4.25***	1.89	9.55	3.47**	1.53	7.90	4.23**	1.85	9.67	4.16**	1.82	9.53	4.44**	1.91	10.32
Upper West	1.26	0.58	2.77	1.19	0.54	2.64	1.26	0.57	2.80	1.27	0.57	2.82	1.15	0.51	2.61
Volta	0.53**	0.35	0.82	0.51**	0.33	0.80	0.53**	0.34	0.83	0.53**	0.34	0.83	0.56*	0.36	0.89
Western	1.08	0.73	1.60	1.05	0.70	1.56	1.12	0.74	1.68	1.11	0.74	1.67	1.09	0.72	1.65
(No education)
<Secondary				0.87	0.65	1.16	0.82	0.61	1.10	0.83	0.62	1.12	0.83	0.62	1.11
Secondary+				0.70**	0.54	0.92	0.67**	0.51	0.89	0.69**	0.52	0.91	0.69**	0.52	0.91
Stroke							3.83***	2.04	7.20	3.81***	2.03	7.15	3.76***	2.00	7.07
Angina							1.32	0.75	2.34	1.26	0.71	2.24	1.31	0.74	2.34
Diabetes							1.12	0.72	1.75	1.12	0.72	1.75	1.13	0.72	1.75
Depression							2.38*	1.04	5.45	2.38*	1.05	5.42	2.45*	1.07	5.57
Hypertension							1.20	0.92	1.55	1.19	0.92	1.55	1.20	0.92	1.56
Lung condition							2.00**	1.24	3.23	2.03**	1.26	3.28	2.04**	1.26	3.30
Cataract							1.46	0.94	2.28	1.48	0.95	2.30	1.46	0.94	2.28
(Married/cohabiting)
Separated/divorced										1.08	0.79	1.48	1.09	0.79	1.49
Widowed										1.39*	1.03	1.88	1.39*	1.02	1.88
Earth floor													1.57**	1.12	2.22
Nondurable walls													0.97	0.75	1.25
No pipe water													1.00	0.78	1.27
Constant	0.39	0.30	0.51	0.53	0.37	0.75	0.47	0.32	0.67	0.46	0.32	0.66	0.42	0.29	0.62

Notes: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

^* p < .05;

^** p < .01;

^*** p < .001.