Author, year Country		Study design and aim		Population	Intervention based on psychosocial domain	Intervention setting	Intervention mode of delivery	Intervention components	Reintegration-related findings
Buki et al., 200831 US		Qualitative To examine the experiences of immigrant Latina breast cancer survivors along the survivorship continuum		N=18; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 51.2 years (range: 35–67 years)	Psychological Social	Unknown	Peer support	Peer-support group in the reentry phase	The peer-support group was discussed as being important to the reentry phase (ie, 1–3 years post-diagnosis and after treatment). Women were invested in moving on from diagnosis and treatment and toward survivorship.
Bulmer et al., 201268 US		Qualitative To describe women’s experiences with exercising during or after their breast cancer treatments		N=45; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 53.1 years (range: 32–64 years)	Physical Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Other: IMPACT coordinator had bachelor of science degree in exercise physiology and was certified as a clinical exercise specialist	The IMPACT exercise program. Participants were referred to a health club facility close to them and matched with a personal trainer. All trainers were certified Health Fitness Specialists by the American College of Sports Medicine. The program included group exercise classes, Pilates, aerobics, cycling, and circuit weight training. Participants and trainers met at least once per week during the first 3 months. Trainers designed/modified participant programs with consideration for a woman’s surgical history, treatment side effects, and fatigue. Participants were encouraged to complete a muscular fitness routine twice per week and engage in 30 minutes of moderate cardiovascular activity on their own most days. The program was flexible to participants’ needs. Participants had 6-month unlimited access to a health club facility and a set 12 ×1-hour personal training sessions.	Participants discussed the program in relation to helping them move forward and rebuilding and reclaiming their bodies. Women regarded post-treatment exercise as a means for revitalization, a way to get back in shape, restore functionality, and return to pre-cancer energy levels. They measured success by feeling normal again. One participant said, “I wanted to work a day and be able to come home and have energy and not be tired. I can do that now because of the exercise program.”(p.781) Exercise helped many women become more confident and adopt healthier lifestyles.
Butt, 201217 US		Mixed methods To test a psychoeducational group intervention, the Mid-Life Directions Workshop, for its effect on hope and quality of life in midlife cancer survivors		N=26; 88.5% women, 11.5% men Cancer type: breast (n=19), colorectal, skin, lung Mean age: 54.3 years (range: 40-65 years) Intervention group: N=17 Mean age: 55.6 years (SD: 7.3 years) Control group: N=9 Mean age: 51.9 years (SD: 6.2 years)	Physical Informational Psychological Spiritual	Hospital/ acute care	Multicomponent education programa	Intervention: The Mid-Life Directions Workshop, led by a researcher with 3-8 participants. A workbook was given to participants with session themes and activities. There were 6 ×2-hour sessions. They included education on psychological growth and development, guided imagery, music meditation, journaling, understanding personality types and values, creative listening, and sharing. Control: A nutrition program for survivors led by a research assistant, delivered in 6 × 1-hour sessions. Session topics and printed materials were taken from the American Cancer Society Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines.	Moving forward with enthusiasm was a major theme found among many workshop participants. While journaling, participants wrote about their openness to change, how they were using the new skills they had learned and wanting to live life fully. The workshop provided participants with an opportunity to adapt to the challenges of life after their cancer diagnosis and treatment by creating a new normal for themselves through person and environmental integration. One participant said, “The workshop has opened the door for me to realize that my cancer diagnosis is not an end to my dreams and desires, but a steppingstone to explore new opportunities and experiences that lie ahead of me…”(p.144)
Chamberlain Willmoth et al., 200669 US		Qualitative study post RCT To describe women’s perceptions of their emotional and interpersonal adaptations to breast cancer after their involvement in an RCT intervention		N=77; 100% women Cancer type: breast Intervention group: N=35 Mean age: 57 years Control group: N=43 Mean age: 59 years	Informational Emotional Social	Telephone	Clinician-led; paper-based education	Intervention: Telephone support from an oncology nurse, in addition to the same education materials as the control group Control: Educational materials via a mailed resource kit	Both groups (intervention and control) saw similar changes in involvement in activities (most increased or stayed the same, some decreased); women in the intervention group were more likely to say relationships with others improved. Both groups experienced life changes (outlook on life), although more participants in the control vs the intervention group reported that participation in the study improved their outlook toward life.
Chan et al., 201870 China		Qualitative To explore the essence of the psychosocial support provided in cancer support group organizations in the community from the perspective of cancer patients, cancer survivors, volunteers, and HCPs		N=39; 79.5% female, 20.5% male Cancer type: multiple (not specified) No mean age provided (range: 31–80 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Spiritual Practical	Primary care or community	Peer support; clinician-led; other: multiple components, activities such as relaxation, yoga, choir, education sessions, support groups	The Centre (a community cancer support center), which provided meditation, meetings with psychologists, support groups, psychoeducation, health talks, choir, yoga, and other activities	Participants reported the center helped them achieve mental well-being (coming to terms with illness and accepting it), access a support network (those with similar situations), embrace vulnerability, deal with uncertainty, increase health literacy, regain confidence through active self-learning (developing new social network, participating in activities), and see more value in themselves (self-renewal, new life, rebirth, actualizing their potential). One participant said, “My life and my views are now completely different from before… [This is a] fresh start.”(p.45)
Connerty and Knott, 201338 Australia		Qualitative To explore the experience of survivorship with an emphasis on identifying factors that may impact the development of post-traumatic growth		N=15; 47% women, 53% men Cancer type: breast (n=3), blood, colorectal, genitourinary, skin, head and neck, brain Mean age: 63.5 years (SD: 11.6 years)	Informational Social	Primary care or community	Peer-support and education programs	Peer-support intervention: The Cancer Voices advocacy/support group Education program: The Staying Healthy After Cancer course	Participants reported support groups facilitated adaptation and positive change, and education programs facilitated finding meaning and regaining personal control over life again. Support that was provided by these groups fostered a deeper understanding of the cancer experience. Due to supportive relationships and support groups, many survivors were able to adapt to and process their experience, which participants suggested led to positive change.
Dieperink et al., 201339 Denmark		Qualitative To explore participants’ experiences of treatment with radiotherapy and androgen therapy, participation in a rehabilitation program, and to explore participants’ thoughts on spousal involvement in the rehabilitation process		N=13; 100% men Cancer type: prostate Mean age: 71 years (range: 66–77 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Spiritual Practical	Unknown	Other: multidisciplinary rehabilitation program	The rehabilitation program (RePCa) included 2 sessions with a nurse and 2 sessions with a physiotherapist. It was recommended that patients be accompanied by their spouse, though some participants went alone. The nursing sessions were based on the philosophy of Patricia Benner. The nurse identified problems important for the patient, and provided psychosocial support, and the opportunity of counseling regarding, for example, toilet habits, smoking cessation, weight control, sexuality, and psychological problems. Referral to other providers (eg, doctors, sexologists, social workers) were made as needed. The physiotherapy sessions contained instructions on pelvic floor exercise and physical exercise. Motivational interviewing was a communicative platform used by nurses and physiotherapists.	The rehabilitation program helped men cope with everyday life. Most men did the same things as before, but adapted their life to the frequent bathroom visits. One truck driver, using pelvic floor exercises, learned to hold back until the next highway pullover. Others modified their lifestyles. Advice from health professionals helped men sustain everyday life (dealing with adverse effects). One participant said, “The rehabilitation gave the men a sense of security during the change to everyday life.”(p.554)
Dunn et al., 200940 Australia		Qualitative To investigate women’s experiences in the Amazon Heart challenge motorcycle event, including positive and negative adjustment before and after the ride		N=21; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 45.1 years (range: 38-56 years)	Emotional Psychological Social Spiritual	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: motorcycle ride	The Challenge Event: A 7-day motorcycle ride through Australia with a focus on peer support. Training was provided along with instructions to journal throughout the intervention.	The ride was a catalyst for change (ie, positive perspective shift, sense of closure, personal change and/or growth); 6 months after the ride, women reported positive effects with regard to new friendships and, for some, a feeling of having moved on from their breast cancer experience. One participant said, “I have a better sense of closure and it fulfilled my need for self-expression.” (p.129)
Ferri et al., 202141 Australia		Qualitative To explore the benefits, challenges, barriers, and facilitators experienced by people with cancer and cancer survivors who participated in a physiotherapy-led, hospital-based exercise program		N=15; 66% female, 33% male Cancer type: breast (n=10), prostate, head and neck Program completers: N=11; 64% female, 26% male Mean age: 57 years (SD: 8 years) Program non-completers: N=4; 75% female, 25% male Mean age: 56 years (SD: 12 years)	Physical Social Practical	Hospital/acute care	Clinician-led; other: exercise program	Exercises were prescribed in accordance with the 2010 American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, including a variety of aerobic and resistance exercise stations. Classes were held with a maximum of 8 participants, supervised by 2 physiotherapists. Classes were held once a week for 12 weeks or twice a week for 6 weeks.	The program helped participants reconnect with others, prepare to go back to the real world, instill a sense of normality, and create life after cancer. However, they did worry about the ability to continue these changes (mainly in terms of fitting in exercise) after the program. One participant said, “I definitely was in a better mood…even my partner that I live with and my son, they were like, ‘Oh, she’s coming back’.”(p.1579)
Hauken et al., 201418 Norway		Mixed methods To examine whether a goal-oriented rehabilitation program increased young adult cancer survivors’ participation (in everyday living), and explore participants’ descriptions and experiences of the goal-oriented process		N=16; 75% female, 25% male Cancer type: breast (n=3), blood, colorectal, testicular, sarcoma, gynecologic Mean age: 30.8 years (range: 25-35 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Primary care or community	Peer support; clinician-led; other: there are multiple components in this rehab program. All personalized to each individual’s issues/goals (multidisciplinary rehabiliation program)	A goal-oriented rehabilitation program conducted by an interdisciplinary specialist team. Included peer support (eg, living, exercising, and training together), individual follow-up (eg, with rehabilitation medicine, physiotherapists, nurses, nutritionists, social workers), psychoeducation (7 training and discussion sessions about cancer survivorship), and physical activity (ie, programs with 2 or 3 sessions 45 minute every day). The activity varied between individual workout programs and group sessions, where at least 1 was outdoor walking, climbing, or sea sports. There was a next of kin weekend where the next of kin was allowed to visit participants, and 2 training sessions on coping, 1 rehabilitation program session, and 1 session on diet and nutrition were held. The program included 3 weeks of residential rehabilitation and 1-week follow-up visits after 3 and 6 months.	The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was used, which identities everyday issues that restrict participation in everyday living, including self-care, leisure, and productivity. At timeframe 4, 14 of the participants reported an improvement of performance, and all reported improvement in satisfaction. Work and study participation status increased between timeframe 1 and 4. Setting goals gave them feelings of continuity, motivation, and responsibility for their own rehabilitation process. The participants indicated that their participation had increased in all areas of life by the end of the program. Most participants had goals related to physical activity, building capacity, and distributing their energy for everyday life because of fatigue. Many participants seemed to find that structuring their everyday life, acknowledging the equal importance of the different areas, and facilitation and cooperation with their employer or college/university, were keys to finding balance in life. Meeting others was highly related to sharing experiences, finding a new normal, and supporting one another to increase participation in different areas of life. Participants also learned to live under new conditions and re-evaluated study or work capacity. One participant said, “It’s incredibly sad to think that I cannot cope (with studies). Thus, I can do some things, but other things are difficult. I understood that I cannot get it all. I am reduced, so if I want to have a life, I have to adjust myself to the fact that I will not get healthy very soon and perhaps accept that I will not complete my studies.” (p.E55) The higher correlation between performance and satisfaction at timeframe 4 than at timeframe 1 seems to support the qualitative finding of gaining new insight.
Hefferon et al., 200843 UK		Qualitative To explore the experience of post-traumatic growth among patients with breast cancer and the role, if any, that a group-based, physical activity intervention had in the attainment of growth		N=10; 100% women Cancer type: breast Age: 50% 43-53 years; 50% 53-63 years	Physical Psychological Practical	Primary care or community and home	Other: exercise program	The exercise program ran for 12 weeks; participants were encouraged to attend 2 classes and do 1 additional exercise session at home each week. Exercise classes were led by trained exercise specialists. They took place in 8 community exercise facilities accessible by public transport. Classes were 45 minutes total and ranged from walking, cycling, low-level aerobics, muscle strengthening exercises, or circuits of specifically tailored exercises. Participants were monitored to ensure exercise at a moderate level. Each week, for 6 weeks, a theme was covered in group discussion after the exercise (eg, the health benefits of exercise, enhancing self-efficacy, setting goals) and supported with specifically constructed materials. The themes were guided by a model of behavior change and were designed to promote independent exercise after the intervention. At the end of the 12-week intervention, the participants were helped to construct an individual exercise program and invited to join an exercise referral scheme.	The exercise classes had a unique ability to enhance women’s confidence levels and transfer new confidence levels to the real world (transference of skills). Physically and mentally, women gained courage, belief, and mastery over their bodies. Classes increased their confidence to return to work, face the public without a wig, and continue exercising. One participant said, “…Just it gave you the confidence. Because, we, we would get hot doing our exercises, and take the wig off [yes]. And, I think, that helped you to…take the wig off earlier than you would have done. I, I was conscious of it, and I did have to be sort of pushed into, you know, going out without a wee bit at first, but it was because of the exercise classes that definitely, because that was you going out… with other people, very early on. And… not bothering. So then that gives you a wee bit of confidence to go somewhere else and not bother…”(p.37)
Hershman et al., 201344 US		RCT To evaluate the effect of an in-person survivorship intervention following adjuvant breast cancer therapy on health worry, treatment satisfaction, and the impact of cancer		N=126; 100% women Cancer type: breast Intervention group: N=66 Mean age: 53.7 years (SD: 12.1 years) Control group: N=60 Mean age: 54.9 years (SD: 10.9 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Unknown	Clinician-led; paper-based education; multicomponent education programa	Intervention: In addition to being given the same Facing Forward publication as the control group, they met for 1 hour with a nurse practitioner and a nutritionist (in English or Spanish) to receive a personalized treatment summary, surveillance recommendations, discussion of risk for late effects and toxicities, and screening and lifestyle recommendations. Content was based on guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Control: The National Cancer Institute publication, Facing Forward: Life after Cancer. Facing Forward is a guide for people who were treated for cancer. It is a 24-page manual, available in English and Spanish, that summarizes many key issues of interest to cancer survivors during the reentry phase.	The 81-item Impact of Cancer scale was used to measure unique and multidimensional aspects of long-term cancer survivorship. This instrument focuses almost exclusively on problems, issues, and changes that long-term survivors ascribe to their cancer experience. This outcome measure relates to reintegration, as it has a social domain, which includes items such as impact on activities, relationships, interference with life, making plans, etc. There was no significant change from baseline in either group in terms of the Impact of Cancer scale. In summary, no short-term benefit of an in-person personalized survivorship intervention, as opposed to the provided publication, was found.
İnan and Üstün, 201842 Turkey		Qualitative To explore breast cancer survivors’ life experiences and perceptions about participating in a psychoeducational intervention aimed at reducing psychological distress and improving quality of life		N=32; 100% female Cancer type: breast Mean age: 53.7 years	Informational Emotional Psychological Social	Home	Multicomponent education programa	A psychoeducational personalized intervention. There were 4 sessions, each 60-90 minutes. Survivors identified a major problem. Following assessment, psychoeducation focusing on the problem was offered, along with videos and written materials in each session. Researchers created a psychoeducation booklet for participants based on relevant literature. It included information about changes experienced in the post-treatment period and guidance for overcoming common problems that arose in that period.	The intervention encouraged participants to do things they were postponing, reorganize life, try new things, change priorities, and go out and be more social. One participant said, “I started to do things which I thought I could never do. You gave me the courage to take action.”(p.39) Another said, “I had many opportunities to confront my life during the intervention and it continued after the intervention. My view of life and priorities have changed.”(p.39)
Ireland et al., 201945 UK		Mixed methods To understand the perceived benefits of the Best Foot Forward program through the experiences of volunteers, walk leaders, and walkers affected by breast cancer		Cancer type: breast Age range: 31-90 years Walk leader respondents: N=13; 92.3% women, 7.7% men Walkers surveyed: N=57; 100% women Respondents: N=35, 100% women	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: Best Foot Forward volunteer-led walking group	Best Foot Forward walks were led by volunteer walk leaders who had experience of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment (personally or through family/friend relations). Walk leaders were recruited from the Moving Forward program and were involved in the design and risk assessment of walk routes in conjunction with Breast Cancer Care staff. Each walk was designed to suit people of all abilities and fitness levels and to originate from a location that was easily accessible, such as a local park. Walks were facilitated by 2 walk leaders: 1 to lead the group, and 1 to monitor the group’s progress. Walks lasted between 30 and 60 minutes and concluded in a local cafe to encourage therapeutic conversation.	The intervention acted as a starting point for the things participants wanted to do by reengaging with physical activity after cancer. It allowed them to commence life after cancer, provided a sense of normality, and a served as a symbol of starting a new life. Walking was often used as a metaphor for moving on in the cancer journey, and taking part in walks was described as an important way to start the transition from being a patient to becoming a person again.
Jiwa et al., 201046 Australia		Qualitative To report a thematic analysis of the consultations between specialist breast cancer nurses and patients		N=21; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 61.8 years (range: 44-84 years)	Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Hospital/ acute care	Clinician-led; other: nurse-led follow-up visit	Specialist breast cancer nurses provided follow-up care visits. Their supportive role was 5-fold: normalizing, facilitating access to services, prevention, promoting self-esteem, and promoting a proactive approach. Specialist breast cancer nurses are involved with patients from first presentation and annually until they are discharged from the clinic at 3 and 5 years, if no recurrence.	Overall, the specialist breast cancer nurses played an important role in facilitating the transition of patients by supporting the woman in adjustment to a new self-image and bodily functioning. They accompanied each woman through this phase in her life, while supporting a new narrative; promoting her rebirth, as someone with ideas, concerns, and expectations that altered significantly after the diagnosis of cancer.
Khan et al., 201247 Australia		RCT To assess the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary ambulatory rehabilitation program for women following breast cancer treatment		N=85; 100% women Cancer type: breast Median age: 57 years (25th percentile: 47.4 years, 75th percentile: 63.9 years) Intervention group: N=43 Control group: N=42	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Hospital/acute care	Clinician-led; other: intensive rehabilitation at a center with multidisciplinary teams and multiple therapies depending on needs (physiotherapy, occupational therapy task re-acquisition strategies, return to work, etc.)	Intervention: The intensive rehabilitation intervention included treatment beyond symptomatic management of cancer. It included education to improve activity and participation within the limits of disease. The elements included individualized, achievable, time-based, functional, goal-oriented medical doctor treatment with active patient participation. The methods used included, for example, physiotherapy for shoulder range of movement, strengthening, lymphoedema care; occupational therapy for energy conservation and task re-acquisition strategies to improve everyday function (domestic, community tasks), lymphoedema care, driving and return to work; and clinical psychology for counseling, coping strategies and support as required. Participants had up to 3 ×1-hour sessions of interrupted therapy per week, involving all relevant disciplines based on participant need and team consensus. This comprised half-hour blocks of therapy sessions (social, psychology, occupational, and physiotherapy), 2-3 times per week for up to 8 weeks. Control: Usual activity	The Perceived Impact Problem Profile measured changes in reintegration outcomes in 5 domains by assessing how cancer impacts the ability to do certain things: psychological (live independently), self-care (wash self, dress self, etc.), mobility (drive, move around house, etc.), participation (assist family members, family activities, community activities, work), relationship (with friends, neighbors, relatives, etc.). Significant differences (between treatment and control groups) were detected for the Perceived Impact Problem Profile mobility and participation scales. This study provides some evidence to support rehabilitation for improved participation of breast cancer survivors in the community.
Kristensen et al., 201919 Denmark		Qualitative To explore head and neck cancer survivors’ experiences of everyday life with eating problems after cancer treatment and to explore their experiences of participating in a multidisciplinary residential rehabilitation program		N=40; 50% female, 50% male Cancer type: head and neck Mean age: 61 years (range: 39-80 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Primary care or community	Clinician-led; other: the multidisciplinary residential rehabilitation program was a coordinated effort involving several specialists (eg, clinical dietitians, nurses, physiotherapists, psychologists, and social workers)	The multidisciplinary residential rehabilitation program included sessions and activities related to the physical, psychological, and social aspects of eating problems. There were group and individual sessions with a clinical dietitian. A practical kitchen workshop was included to inspire participants, and take-home recipes were handed out. An occupational therapist instructed participants in swallowing exercises and exercises for jaw and tongue mobility. A group session with a dental hygienist on oral hygiene and dental reimbursement rules was included. Participants stayed at the premises and all meals throughout the day were served on site. At all meals, foods were of different textures and flavors to experiment with different foods than participants usually ate. Meals were also intended as social training. There were also sessions for general physical activity (eg, yoga, session on fatigue), a group session with psychologist on psychological consequences of cancer, a group conversation with a priest on existence, massage therapy, and a session on intimacy and sexuality. Furthermore, participants could have individual counseling sessions with relevant professionals (eg, physician, social worker), depending on individual needs. On the last day, sessions on motivation and action plans were included to allow participants to reflect on how they wanted to use the new inspiration and knowledge in their everyday life when they returned home. The program was offered 3 times (2013, 2014, 2018). Each of the 3 programs had a maximum of 20 participants. The program was free of charge for participants. It was 5 days with 2 days of follow-up.	The program had a focus on the specific problem as well as on the whole person (knowledge and skills to cope with everyday life after treatment were gained). One participant said, “I also think I feel a development in myself, and I also see it among all the others. From last time, we were here and until now, we eat, we are actually seeking out new experiences. We will try this and that because, previously, we would not dream of eating it, but we can just try. No harm is done by trying.”(p.796)
Kvale et al., 201648 US		RCT To examine the effect of the POSTCARE intervention on patient outcomes and care coordination		N=79; 100% female Cancer type: breast Mean age: 58.4 years (range: 37-83 years) Intervention group: N=40 Mean age: 57.2 years (SD: 9.2 years) Control group: N=39 Mean age: 59.5 years (SD: 12.0 years)	Physical Informational Psychological Social Practical	Unknown	Other: enhanced post-treatment follow-up/SCP led by coaches	Intervention: The POSTCARE intervention was a single coaching encounter (mean 75 minutes, ranging from 31-126 minutes) that utilized motivational interviewing techniques to engage patients in the development of a patient-owned SCP that incorporated health goals and strategies related to cancer follow-up, surveillance, symptom management, and health behavior. It was delivered by master’s-level mental health professionals who completed motivational interview training. Control: Usual care. During the study period, routine care did not include provision of a standardized treatment summary or a SCP.	The Social/Role Activities Limitations scale measured how illness impacted normal activities with family, friends, neighbors or groups; recreational activities or hobbies; housework; and running errands. Participants in the intervention vs usual care group demonstrated lower social role limitation. The assessment of limitation in social roles and activities showed significant group differences in change scores between baseline and 3-month follow-up.
Livsey and Lewis, 201849 UK		Systematic review To identify, analyze, and summarize qualitative literature findings, which have explored breast cancer survivors’ experiences of participating in an exercise intervention after cancer treatment		N=6 included studies The sample size of the included qualitative studies ranged from 9-25 participants. Ranged from 66-100% female. Cancer type: breast, also included prostate and other cancer types but quotes used in review were only from breast cancer patients. Articles were excluded if they focused solely on any health conditions other than breast cancer. Age range: 32-90 years	Physical Psychological Social Practical	Unknown	Other: all interventions were exercise-based programs	The review described a few relevant interventions. One was a lifestyle intervention aimed at weight loss, an individualized, structured exercise program (IMPACT). Another was a Mindful Movement Program, a tailored exercise program including an 8-week exercise plan and a counseling intervention. Also, the Copenhagen Physical Activity after Cancer Treatment Study.	Many women expressed a desire to regain a sense of normality in their lives. Because of the cancer diagnosis and its treatment, many of the women felt that normality was lacking in their lives, particularly in social interactions. Women expressed that the exercise intervention helped them to regain a sense of normality. Participation in the exercise intervention was described as a way to move forward and beyond the cancer experience.
Loh et al., 201150 Malaysia		Follow-up questionnaire to an RCT To evaluate the quality of life of women 2 years after participating in a self-management intervention program		N=51; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 54 years (range: 28-71 years) Intervention group: N=32 Mean age: 53 years (SD: 7 years) Control group: N= 19 Mean age: 55 years (SD: 10 years)	Informational Emotional Practical	Unknown	Clinician-led; multicomponent education programa	Intervention: Stay Abreast Move Ahead 4-week program. The program aimed to enable patients with information and skills to stay abreast of the demands of managing the illness, and to facilitate moving ahead by engaging proactive coping and healthful behaviors. The development of the program was based on literature suggesting the main barriers to self-management in Malaysian women with breast cancer were lack of available of information, inability to access services and supports, as well as other factors such as the socioeconomic-cultural issues (entrenched myths, low socioeconomic status, and inadequate insurance-health legislative coverage). The program was moderated by HCPs. Control: Usual care	The Perceived Impact Problem Profile scale was used. There were significant differences between groups in psychological, self-care, mobility, and participation scales, with the experimental group having lower scores in all domains of the Perceived Impact Problem Profile (meaning they perceived the illness to have less of an impact on their lives). Compared to the control group, the intervention group expressed significantly higher confidence level in managing activities of daily living. The 4-week Stay Abreast Move Ahead program provided knowledge and skills for women to self-manage an active and emotionally satisfying life in the face of living with breast cancer. The experimental group perceived less negative impact from their health condition on the psychological, self-care, mobility, and participation levels. On the other hand, the control group experienced higher level of physical and psychological distress, as well as activity impairment, compared with the experimental group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Women from the experimental group also reported having significantly higher confidence to manage living with breast cancer.
McDonough et al., 201933 Canada		Qualitative To examine survivors’ reasons for joining and maintaining participation on a dragon boat team, along with perceptions of barriers and attractions to traditional peer-support groups		N=17; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 51.2 years (SD: 11.1 years)	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: dragon boating	Dragon boat racing; participants were interviewed over their first 2 seasons.	Dragon boating helped participants with moving on, regaining agency, and getting life back after cancer. Participants also discussed the benefit of dragon boating over traditional peer support. One participant said, “…This [dragon boating] gives you a focus that, yes, we are all breast cancer survivors, we are all, you know, subject to the same fears and concerns and all that, but we are also, we are doing something about it. We are not sitting back and letting it take us over.” (p.1792)
Mitchell and Nielsen, 200251 Canada		Qualitative To describe the experience, meaning, and psychosocial impact of dragon boating on women with breast cancer		N=6; 100% female Cancer type: breast Mean age not provided (range: 43-75 years)	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: dragon boating	Dragon boating	Dragon boating allows a physical and social environment that increasingly enables women to focus on life and living rather than breast cancer. One participant said, “Dragon boating has given me the opportunity to regain control in my life, to feel strong again. To be able to do things, to be able to feel that sense of aliveness.” (p.54)
Mitchell et al., 200752 Canada		Qualitative To investigate the psychosocial impact of dragon boat participation on women who have been treated for breast cancer		N=10; 100% women Cancer type: breast No mean age provided (range: 35-70 years)	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: dragon boating	Dragon boating; participants were in their first season of dragon boating.	Dragon boating helped participants experience an awakening of the self, and focus on personal goals and the pursuit of health.
Morris et al., 201132 Australia, US		Qualitative To understand the lived experience of breast cancer survivors participating in a peer-support program based on a challenge event		N=37; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 49.8 years (SD: 7 years)	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: motorcycle ride event and online discussion group	Amazon Heart Thunder, a peer-support challenge. A 10-day motorcycle ride (over 1000 miles) with other breast cancer survivors, including online discussion groups (established 6 months prior to riding). There were 2 Amazon Heart Thunder leaders who were breast cancer survivors themselves who also participated in the discussion group. Women committed to raising AU$1500 in donations for breast cancer causes. Two days prior to the ride, participants met to discuss the nature of the event, their expectations of the ride, and to share their experiences. This preparation also gave women time to practice riding their loan Harley-Davidson motorcycles.	Amazon Heart Thunder facilitated a shift in self-perception and changes in identity, and served as a catalyst for personal growth and positive life changes for participants. The predominant themes reported in the study showed a newfound sense of personal strength and re-prioritization of life priorities to include time for self-nurturing and fun. Participants reported that their newfound sense of personal strength gained during Amazon Heart Thunder continued after the ride was over, stating that positive life changes were evident once they returned home.
Murphy et al., 201953 US		Mixed methods To determine the influence of an equine-facilitated survivorship program on emotional distress and quality of life, and to explore the experiences of the participants for better understanding of program outcomes		N=4; 100% women Cancer type: not specified Mean age: 62 years (range: 55-71 years)	Physical Emotional Psychological Social Spiritual	Primary care or community	Other: therapeutic horseback riding program	The Healing with Horses Program, an equine-facilitated survivorship program was developed and implemented by equine specialists and a licensed oncology social worker. The program, located in the southeastern US, followed standards of the Professional Association for Therapeutic Horsemanship International. The 10-week program for adults diagnosed with cancer who completed initial rounds of traditional therapies included equine-facilitated psychotherapy. Each week, horsemanship activities were followed by 1 hour of therapeutic discussion facilitated by the oncology social worker, with therapeutic goals matched to the equine activities.	The intervention led to reclaiming positive emotions, moving beyond negative emotions, newfound resilience, and evolution of a new identity (self-identity, social identity, emotional freedom), changing roles with family and friends, participation in enjoyable activities, and positive life changes. The social identity phase moved from inward reflection to connections with others, including an acceptance of changing roles with family and friends. Participants described feeling more confident in social situations and an acceptance of imperfect relationships. In addition, they all expressed a desire to find a way to contribute to others, seek volunteer opportunities, or give back to their community.
Nahm et al., 201954 US		Pre/post-test To evaluate the preliminary effects of an interactive electronic Cancer Survivorship Patient Engagement Toolkit		N=30; 76% female, 23% male Cancer type: breast (n=15) and other not specified Mean age: 56.5 years (range: 29-81 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Spiritual Practical	Online	Navigation; e-health (eg, app, website); clinician-led; multicomponent education programa	The Cancer Survivorship Patient Engagement Toolkit, a 3-month program to deliver SCPs with supportive resources and a continued communication mechanism between the patient and health care team. The program included SCPs, biweekly follow-up using patient portal e-messages, and online survivorship resources (Well Beyond Cancer). Well Beyond Cancer is an online resource program with 6 sessions, including learning modules using videos with accompanying moderated discussion forums and optional virtual libraries. Discussions were moderated by a nurse coordinator.	The Impact of Cancer scale was used; no statistically significant changes in the Impact of Cancer were found between baseline and 3 months. Participants were also asked about their perception of the program’s usefulness. One participant said, “The plan helped me move from treatment to living in the present. I was stuck in the cancer mode and the plan enabled me to see a future in survivorship. It helped me plan and set realistic goals.” (p.579)
Nicks et al., 201955 US		Mixed methods To explore the role of peer support in the breast cancer experiences of African American survivors		N=24; 100% women Cancer type: breast Intervention group: N=12 Mean age: 63.6 years (SD: 12 years) Control group: N=12 Mean age: 65.6 years (SD: 11.3 years)	Informational Emotional Psychological Social Spiritual Practical	Primary care or community	Peer support	Intervention: The Breakfast Club, an African American breast cancer survivor-led community-based support organization. Monthly support group meetings, 1-on-1 support. Members serve as Breast Health Buddies to African American breast cancer patients, and to women at risk of developing breast cancer. Control: No peer support	This study reported that those in the Breakfast Club had an easier time adjusting to breast cancer survivorship compared with the control group. One participant said, “I still have anxiety. I still worry. My life will never be the same again, but it should not be because I have a testimony. I beat some odds‚ my life really should not be the same. I’ll keep dealing with things, I’m just looking forward to my new normal…”(p.362)
Parry, 200756 Canada		Qualitative To understand the role dragon boat racing plays in health and well-being throughout breast cancer survivorship		N=12; 92% female, 0.8% male Cancer type: breast Age range: mid-40s-early 60s	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: dragon boating	Dragon boating; some participants were in their first or second season of dragon boat racing, while others had been involved for a number of years.	Dragon boating helped participants create a new life, take back control, and face the unexpected. One participant said, “I could not go back to the way things were, but I still had to build a new life that suited the new me. It was difficult and it did not always feel right, because it was so new. Dragon boat racing helped tremendously. It became part of my new identity. The women I met through dragon boat racing understood my new mindset. The four hours a week I spent dragon boating was a reprieve for me. The women made me feel normal and helped me realize I could cope with what my life had to offer. My new friends helped me realize I was not a bad or weird person for what I was experiencing. They gave me the reassurance and strength to carry on with life and to create my new life.” (p.60)
Parry, 200857 Canada		Qualitative To understand how participation in dragon boat racing contributes to women’s health throughout their lived experiences with survivorship		N=11; 100% women Cancer type: breast Age range: mid-40s-early 60s	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: dragon boating	Same intervention as Parry,56 2007	Dragon boat racing helped participants get back to feeling normal, recover, and enjoy life after breast cancer. One participant said, “Through my involvement in dragon boat racing, I demonstrate an example of not just being a survivor, but a thriver.”(p.231)
Pistrang et al., 201258 UK		Qualitative To understand the subjective experience of receiving telephone peer support for women with gynecologic cancer		N=24; 100% women Cancer type: gynecologic Mean age: 49 years (range: 27-75 years)	Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Telephone	Peer support	A 3-month peer-support program (Women Helping Women). Peer supporters, who had completed treatment (a minimum of 1 year prior to the study) for gynecologic cancer, called patients who were receiving gynecologic cancer treatment. Weekly calls were recommended, though they ranged from 2-13 over a period of up to 3 months. All peer supporters attended a 2-hour orientation session. Supporters called patients and were given phone cards to cover their costs and also protect their privacy (by not revealing their phone number). Patients and peer supporters were matched as much as possible on the basis of diagnosis and treatment, age and family status, and preferences specified by the patient. After each call, supporters completed a telephone record sheet‚ documenting the length of call, topics discussed, and any concerns they had; this was sent (by email or post) to a designated member of the project team. If the telephone record sheet signaled any cause for concern, from the perspective of either the supporter or the project team, consultation was provided via telephone or email.	Participants expressed the program helped them rebuild their lives, transition from patient to survivor, and get back on track. One participant said, “I’d come off the phone and think, oh yeah, I am getting myself back on track‚ and even [husband] started saying, you are more like your normal self, you are planning, you are going out more, you are doing things.”(p.1086)
Pistrang et al., 201359 UK		Qualitative To understand the subjective experience of receiving telephone peer support for women with gynecologic cancer		N=16; 100% women Cancer type: gynecologic Mean age: 50 years (range: 26-69 years)	Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Telephone	Peer support	Same intervention as Pistrang et al.,58 2012	Although peer supporters had been out of treatment for an average of nearly 3 years and felt ready to take on the role, they were still engaged in the process of making sense of their experiences and developing a post-cancer sense of self. Participants discussed the program helped them on their survivor journey to continue to move on, get closure, and close a door. One participant said, “I think it allowed me to take a step back from my own situation. So, instead of being the patient, you know, full-time, it allowed me to kind of look at my own experience in a more objective way…It does remind you of how difficult it was and how far you’ve come…you are sort of morphing your own experience into something else, I suppose. It has sort of started to change my perception of my own experience into a more healthy one.”(p.889)
Sabiston et al., 200760 Canada		Qualitative To explore breast cancer survivors’ experiences of participation, motivation, social support, and physical self-perceptions related to their participation in dragon boating programs		N=20; 100% women Cancer type: breast Mean age: 58.7 years (range: 42-70 years)	Physical Emotional Psychological Social	Primary care or community	Peer support; other: dragon boating	Dragon boating; participants were in at least their second year of dragon boating (range 2-8 seasons).	Dragon boat racing helped participants feel like they were in control and working for something on the other side of treatment. It also fostered transformation, new roles and identities, new opportunities for psychological growth, and changes in life (including in relationships, employment, health behaviors). Some participants mentioned the benefit of dragon boating over traditional support groups. One participant said, “Some of these other support groups are just sort of all sat around and say how terrible it was that [name] had died. Well, we all think that but at the same time we are getting on with living…”(p.426)
Schumacher and McNiel, 201861 US		Mixed methods To determine the clinical significance of pre- and post-exercise rehabilitation on physical and psychosocial outcomes of the Livestrong at the YMCA program		Psychosocial measures: N=68 Physical measures: N=158 Qualitative: N=11 (54% women, 45% men) Cancer type: breast (n= unknown/not specified), blood, colorectal, prostate, renal, skin, gynecologic, thyroid, bile duct Age range: 35-74 years	Physical Emotional Social	Primary care or community	Other: exercise rehabilitation program	The Livestrong program, an exercise rehabilitation program put on by the YMCA in partnership with the Livestrong Foundation. Trained professionals led group-based activities with individualized exercise prescriptions that focused on cardiovascular conditioning, strength training, balance, and flexibility. There were no fees for participants. The 12-week program took place twice weekly, with sessions lasting about 75 minutes.	Participants discussed that the program helped them move on, get back on track, come back to life, and foster physical and mental changes. One participant said, “I was kind of emotionally scarred from treatment, and it helped me realize that and move on.”(p.721)
Semple et al., 200962 UK		Quasi-experimental To evaluate the effectiveness of a problem-focused intervention for patients with psychosocial dysfunction who completed treatment for head and neck cancer		N=54 Cancer type: head and neck Intervention group: N=25, 28% female, 72% male No mean age provided (range: 31-45 years) Control group: N=29, 24% female, 76% male No mean age provided (range: 31-45 years)	Physical Informational Psychological Social Practical	Home	Clinician-led; multicomponent education programa; other: tailored support to the participants’ needs, including referral for follow-up support	Intervention: A home visit was organized for an in-depth psychosocial assessment, and specific problems following treatment for head and neck cancer were identified, discussed, and prioritized. Collaboratively, an agreement was reached that a maximum of 3 problems, from a list of 8 problem-focused areas (ie, anxiety, depression, eating and drinking, fatigue, appearance, speech, smoking cessation, and finance), were addressed during the intervention. The 8 problem-focused areas were identified from previous research and clinical expertise. Participants were provided with an educational text, Managing Your Cancer Concerns. At the end of each session, participants were assigned homework. A referral pathway for follow-up support was established before patient recruitment, where a consultant psycho-oncologist would provide additional therapy, if required, at the end of the intervention. Participants took part in a minimum of 2 sessions and a maximum of 6 sessions (average 4). Sessions lasted 30 minutes and occurred every 2 weeks. Control: Usual care (ie, ongoing review at the multidisciplinary head and neck outpatient clinic and involvement as appropriate, with members of the head and neck cancer team [clinical nurse specialist, dietitian, speech and language therapist]).	Social adjustment/impairment was measured using the Work and Social Adjustment scale: a 5-item, self-report scale of social impairment, which assesses day-to-day domains. These include work, home management, social leisure, private leisure, and interpersonal relationships attributable to an identified problem, such as head and neck cancer. Participants rated each question on a scale from 0 (no impairment at all) to 8 (very severe impairment). A score of >20 implies moderate to severe social impairment, 10-20 indicates significant functional impairment and <10 denotes sub-clinical disease. At the beginning of the study, there were no differences between the 2 groups on the Work and Social Adjustment scale. After the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference, with the intervention having a positive result on social impairment. Social impairment decreased from 13.94 to 8.70 in the intervention group, and from 13.47 to 12.08 in the control group. This means that the intervention lessened the impact of head and neck cancer on multiple social aspects of the survivors’ lives.
Shannonhouse et al., 201430 US		Mixed methods To quantitatively examine the efficacy of a wellness-based psychoeducation group at increasing wellness To qualitatively explore the group experience of female breast cancer survivors		N=14; 100% women Cancer type: breast (n=13), 1 not specified Mean age: 51 years (range: 45-62 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Spiritual	Unknown	Other: holistic wellness program with many components, including physical activity, education, and group discussion	The Finding Your New Normal intervention, a wellness-based psychoeducation group. The group started with an overview of the wheel of wellness model and addressed topics such as medical management, sexuality, spirituality, emotional health, creativity, physical activity, and nutrition. Each session involved a form of physical activity (eg, yoga, tai chi, Pilates) followed by a brief psychoeducational presentation and group discussion. The intervention was led by a multidisciplinary team comprising a chaplain, nurse, and mental health counselor. The facilitators chose to engage members to find their own strengths and new post-cancer identity. Finding Your New Normal was an 8-week group that met weekly for 2 hours.	The Five Factor Wellness Inventory was used, which is a 73-item questionnaire. Questionnaire items are statements about wellness beliefs and behaviors; respondents replied using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Total Wellness increased significantly between measurements as did scores for the Essential Self and Physical Self; however, no changes were observed for the Creative Self or Social Self scores. Qualitative findings revealed that participants felt the intervention gave them hope and vision for change, and helped them find a new normal. One participant said, “…there was a strength gained from the support group that I did not have initially…. I give myself permission to have those feelings… but giving myself the space to be the new me!”(p.18)
Stuhlfauth et al., 201863 Norway		Qualitative To explore and describe how colon cancer survivors experience everyday life in general and sexuality, in particular, after treatment of Dukes C colon cancer		N=9; 56% women, 44% men Cancer type: Dukes C colon cancer Age range: 51-73 years	Physical Informational Practical	Hospital/acute care	Multicomponent education programa	Patients participated in courses on physical activity, nutrition, and life-management skills to acquire coping skills.	Participants felt the courses were rewarding; they learned various practical methods for managing their new lives.
Tagai et al., 202164 US		RCT To evaluate PROGRESS, a web-based intervention designed to improve adaptive coping among prostate cancer survivors		N=431; 100% male Cancer type: prostate Intervention group: N=217 Mean age: 63.8 years (SD: 6.7 years) Control group: N=214 Mean age: 63.3 years (SD: 7.5 years)	Physical Informational Emotional Psychological Social Practical	Online	e-health (eg, app, website); multicomponent education programa	Intervention: PROGRESS, a web-based intervention designed to improve adaptive coping among prostate cancer survivors. PROGRESS was guided by the Cognitive Social Health Information Processing model. The website addressed challenges faced by prostate cancer survivors (eg, physical function, emotional well-being, interpersonal concerns), and included written information and videos from providers and survivors, as well as tools to help participants identify values, goals, and support complementary behaviors. Each participant had a unique login ID and password, and was instructed to log into the website as needed. Logins and usage were tracked via Google Analytics. Intervention participants also received the same booklets as enhanced usual care. Control: Enhanced usual care; participants received 2 print brochures from the National Cancer Institute via mail (“Facing forward: life after cancer treatment,” and “What you need to know about prostate cancer”).	The Self-efficacy for Re-entry scale was used; a 14-item, 11-point questionnaire (0 = not at all confident, 10 = completely confident) that assessed respondents’ self-efficacy to manage their relationships, stress, medical care, and side effects in the first-year post-treatment as they resume their various roles (eg, spouse, employee, friend). The Practical Concerns scale, an adapted 12-item, 5-point questionnaire (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree), assessed respondents’ concern about managing practical aspects of their lives, including finances, employment, and healthy lifestyle activities. Higher scores indicate greater concern. Primary analyses used an intent-to-treat approach. Researchers also conducted as-treated analyses, where the participant must have accessed PROGRESS to be considered treated. Intent-to-treat analysis: There was an increase in practical concerns for participants in both the intervention and control groups over time. Self-efficacy for Re-entry: intervention group score decreased between baseline and 6-month follow-up, as did the score of control group. As-treated analyses: PROGRESS users (ie, clicked through the home page at least once) reported a significant decrease in practical concerns compared to PROGRESS non-users. Both PROGRESS users and non-users reported an increase in practical concerns over time. Self-efficacy for re-entry: users’ group score decreased between baseline and 6-month follow-up, as did the scores of the non-user group. PROGRESS users, in the as-treated analysis, reported fewer practical concerns, suggesting the website may have helped participants cope with the tangible aspects of their survivorship (eg, financial concerns, social activities).
Thisted et al., 202065 Denmark		Qualitative To explore how participants perceived a nurse-led, person-centered intervention, Guided Self-Determination Gynecological Cancer, and how participants felt it influenced their rehabilitation after gynecological cancer surgery		N=10; 100% women Cancer type: gynecologic Age: ≥18 years	Informational Social Practical	Hospital/acute care	Clinician-led; multicomponent education programa	Guided Self-Determination Gynecological Cancer, a nurse-led, person-centered intervention, was developed and pilot tested in 2012-2015 among HCPs and women surgically treated for early stages of gynecological cancer. The intervention adapted a theory and evidence-based method in diabetes care designed to support the development of life skills. It comprised conversations between the patient and a Guided Self-Determination-trained HCP. Patients filled out reflection sheets in advance, helping them acknowledge and express their specific and individual needs, which were taken into account during the conversation. During intervention conversations, the patient and the HCP created and shared knowledge that provided a foundation for solving the issues they considered particularly important. 18 reflection sheets were spread across 4 conversations to facilitate a systematic, problem-solving process with life skills as the goal. The number of intervention conversations and use of particular sheets were adjusted depending on the individual patient’s needs. Conversations were spaced out at least 2-3 weeks apart as the patient needed time to fill out reflection sheets and try new problem-solving strategies between the conversations with the HCP. HCPs trained in Guided Self-Determination took 4 courses x 6 hours each, and courses took place over 6 months.	The intervention helped participants discover their potential to solve problems, move on, and function as well as possible after cancer. For the first time, many of the women began acknowledging and accepting their changed life conditions and discovered challenges they previously had tried to ignore. One participant said, “That was the first time I realized that I would never be quite the same as I was before… I believe that they [the Guided Self-Determination conversations] also helped me to be more honest with myself about… about how I feel when I’m struck by this I-feel-sad-when-I-think-about-never-being-myself-again thing.”(p.912)
van Egmond et al., 201666 The Netherlands		RCT To assess the effectiveness of a tailored RTW program on time until sustainable RTW for cancer survivors who had lost their job		N=130; 69% female, 31% male Cancer type: not specified Mean age: 48.4 years (SD: 8.6 years) Intervention group: N=85 Mean age: 47.9 years (SD: 8.5 years) Control group: N=86 Mean age: 48.8 years (8.7 years)	Informational Social Practical	Primary care or community and home	Other: RTW program	Intervention: The tailored RTW program consisted of an introductory interview and preparation for RTW. In the interview, potential obstacles and possibilities for RTW were identified, and a route through the intervention program was chosen. Throughout the entire program, participants were encouraged to actively participate in the development of a consensus-based RTW plan, as well as to participate in coaching sessions (with a reintegration coach) to prepare for RTW, and to explore possibilities for (therapeutic) RTW. Participants could select various routes through the different parts of the program, to match the required level of RTW support. All meetings were 1-on-1 and in-person. Intervention duration was dependent on the level of need. The maximum duration for the preparation for RTW portion was 3 months. The maximum duration for the RTW portion was 3 months. Further, a 1-month delay was allowed within the whole program to allow for unforeseen events, such as illnesses or holidays. Therefore, the maximum duration of the RTW program was 7 months. Control: Usual care from the Dutch Social Security Agency, which generally consists of a few meetings per year with an insurance physician and potentially a labor market or reintegration expert, but does not involve any reintegration supportive intervention program.	Participation in society (assessed with the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Revalidation and Participation). This questionnaire is about the patient’s daily life and consists of 4 parts: (1A) how much time you spend working, studying, and attending to household duties; (1B) how often you undertake certain activities; (2) whether you experience any limitations in your daily life; and (3) how satisfied you are with your daily life. There were no significant differences between groups regarding participation in society.
Wagland et al., 201567 UK		Mixed methods To explore the feasibility of delivering and measuring the impact of a life-coaching intervention designed to rebuild people’s confidence and emotional well-being and enhance quality of life by supporting individuals to select and achieve their own post-treatment goals		N=8; 87.5% female, 12.5% male Cancer type: breast (n=5), lung, head and neck, gynecologic Median age: 55 years (range: 53-68 years)	Physical Informational Psychological Social Practical	Primary care or community and telephone	Multicomponent education program; other: life-coaching goal-attainment program— participants set goals and work with life coaches to achieve them with the needed plans/resources	The life-coaching intervention was underpinned by social cognitive theory. The main purpose of life-coaching was to improve an individual’s self-efficacy, achieved through successfully pursuing self-selected goals. Participants selected 3 goals with the assistance of a life-coach following a standard practice manual. They developed a plan to reach their goals. Finally, participants implemented their plans. As participants progressed, they sometimes became aware of emerging practical and psychological challenges and alternative opportunities leading to goal refinement. The intervention was delivered free of charge by 2 professionally accredited life coaches: a general practitioner and a coach with psychoanalytical training. Both were cancer survivors. Regular debriefing discussions took place between the coaches and the project manager. The initial face-to-face session took up to 2 hours. The execution phase was implemented over 5 telephone sessions of up to 60 minutes, at approx. 2-week intervals over 12 weeks.	Some participants identified a goal of resuming normal life. Participants expressed that the intervention helped them see new possibilities, adjust to life, and move on. One participant said, “It makes you realise what else you could achieve, not just the goals you set, but all sorts of other things…. Coaching has made me realise that I don’t have to stay stuck where I am, that there are choices that I can move on [to] and cancer doesn’t stop everything in your life. I think it’s made me a bit more determined to be more authentic in my life, and to look at my values a lot more clearly and decide what’s more valuable for me.”(p.657)

^aAn educational intervention encompassing more than an educational handout/pamphlet to read was considered a multicomponent education program. This mode of delivery was later included under the follow-up education and support intervention type.

HCP, health care professional; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RTW, return-to-work; SCP, survivorship care plan.