Table 4. Detection of S. pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years with AOM in Europe between 2011-2021(% and sample size).
| Location | Population | Period of data collection | PCV used in NIP during the period | Estimate (%, CI)* | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle ear fluid | |||||
| Finland [59–62] | 0–16 years | 2003–2012 | No PCV → PCV10 | 38.0% | 56 |
| <24 months | No PCV → PCV10 | 43.0% | 14 | ||
| 6–39 months | 2010–2011 | PCV10 | 34.9% | 43 | |
| 5–42 months | PCV10 | 31.1% | 90 | ||
| France [63, 64] | 6–24 months | 2011–2014 | PCV13 | 20.7% | 56 |
| <36 months | 2015–2017 | PCV13 | 17.1% | 175 | |
| Germany [57] | 2–71 months | 2011 | PCV10/PCV13 | 5.8% | 209 |
| 2012 | PCV10/PCV13 | 6.9% | 412 | ||
| 2013 | PCV10/PCV13 | 6.3% | 340 | ||
| 2014 | PCV10/PCV13 | 6.9% | 251 | ||
| 2015 | PCV10/PCV13 | 6.7% | 214 | ||
| Italy, Milan [65] | 6–96 months | 2015–2016 | PCV13 | 27.1% | 48 |
| Poland [66, 67] | 12–35 months | 2010–2014 | PCV7 (R) | 30.0% | 20 |
| 36–71 months | PCV7 (R) | 32.3% | 31 | ||
| <60 months | 2010–2016 | PCV7 (R) | 50.0% | 407 | |
| Romania [68, 69] | <60 months | 2009–2011 | No PCV | 70.3% | 111 |
| <60 months | 2009–2014 | No PCV | 32.9% | 391 | |
| Spain [70] | 3–36 months | 2009–2012 | PCV7 (P) → PCV10/PCV13 (P) | 39.3% | 117 |
| Portugal** [58] | 24–83 months | 2014–2016 | No PCV → PCV13 | 47.0% | 151 |
| Nasopharynx | |||||
| Belgium [71] | 6–30 months | 2016 | PCV13 | 69.2% | 39 |
| 2017 | PCV13 | 64.8%, (55.5%-73.0%) | 122 | ||
| France [72–75] | < 24 months | 2006–2017 | PCV7 →PCV13 | 55.9% | 9,957 |
| 6–24 months | 2011–2012 | PCV13 | 54.5% | 1,790 | |
| 2013–2016 | PCV13 | 54.6% | 3,649 | ||
| 2014 | PCV13 | 56.2% | 7,991 | ||
| 6–35 months | 2011–2018 | PCV13 | 60.8% | 3,964 | |
| Germany [57] | 2–71 months | 2011 | PCV10/PCV13 | 53.1% | 192 |
| 2012 | PCV10/PCV13 | 48.8% | 389 | ||
| 2013 | PCV10/PCV13 | 45.8% | 323 | ||
| 2014 | PCV10/PCV13 | 51.5% | 235 | ||
| 2015 | PCV10/PCV13 | 53.6% | 196 | ||
| Iceland [76] | 12–83 months | 2011 | PCV10 | 65.0% | 420 |
| 2012 | PCV10 | 61.1% | 465 | ||
| 2013 | PCV10 | 70.9% | 471 | ||
| 2014 | PCV10 | 69.6% | 566 | ||
| 2015 | PCV10 | 73.4% | 533 | ||
| 2016 | PCV10 | 65.6% | 541 | ||
| 2017 | PCV10 | 53.8% | 506 | ||
| 2009–2011 | PCV7 (R) →PCV10 | 71.8% | 1,380 | ||
| 2012–2017 | PCV10 | 65.9% | 3,081 | ||
| Portugal [58] | 24–83 months | 2014–2016 | PCV13 | 47.0% | 151 |
| Sweden, Skåne Region [77] | 0–35 months | 2017–2018 | PCV10/PCV13 | 16.1% | 684 |
| 36–83 months | PCV10/PCV13 | 10.5% | 191 | ||
| Nasopharynx and oropharynx | |||||
| Poland [67] | 12–35 months | 2010–2014 | PCV7 (R) | 25.0% | 20 |
| 36–71 months | PCV7 (R) | 35.5% | 31 | ||
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval. (R) Only introduced to NIP for certain risk groups. (P) Only introduced to NIP in certain regions
Notes
* Of the records included, the authors identified only one instance where the study reported confidence intervals with their Etiology estimate
** Otorrhea samples, not specified as middle ear fluid