Table 3.
Engineered nanomaterials targeting ER for potential applications.
| Engineered nanoparticles | Mode of actions | Applications | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Self-assembled ER-targeting graphene oxide nanoparticles | Promotes ER stress-related apoptosis in lung cancer, breast cancer, and multidrug-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) | Promising therapeutic tool in cancer by exploiting ER stress and UPR | (Pandey et al., 2020) |
| 2. | Liposomal nanoformulation of calcium channel blocker azelnidipine along with medroxyprogesterone acetate | Induces acute ER stress and proapoptotic genes upregulation to interfere DNA replications for promoting cell death | The nanoformulation ruined calcium homeostasis to activate acute ER stress for the treatment of endometrial cancer | (Huang et al., 2022) |
| 3. | Thapsigargin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles | Nanoformulation induces autophagy and UPR pathway in human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) and protects them from oxidative stress. | Favorable approach for the prevention of chronic kidney disease | (Cheng et al., 2019) |
| 4. | Protein disulfide isomerase CCF642 entrapped in albumin nanoparticles in combination with temozolomide | Nanoparticle-based therapeutics induce ER perturbation by down-regulating PERK signaling, which triggers cell death beyond repair. | Remarkable reduction of orthotopic tumor growth | (Kiang et al., 2023) |
| 5. | Silica nanoparticles | Apoptosis, oxidative and ER stress were all associated with silica nanoparticles-induced vascular injury in arteries. | Atherosclerosis is potentially preceded by endothelial dysfunction caused by silica nanoparticles | (Li et al., 2019) |
| 6. | ER targeted PdPtCu nanozyme | Reprogram tumor microenvironment (TME), activates the antitumor immune response and IDO-driven immune escape by NLG919. | The killing of tumor cells by PDT, PTT, and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) | (Xie et al., 2023) |
| 7. | Zn-ferrite nanoparticles to target FAP+ (fibroblast activating protein positive) | ER stress and mitochondrial damage intensified by magnetocaloric effect under alternating magnetic field. | Potential tools to treat rheumatoid arthritis | (Qi et al., 2023) |
| 8. | Dual targeting nanoparticles made of P(ERMA-co-DMA)-b-PCSMA and PDMA-b-PCSMA | Upregulate IRE1α & CHOP, boosting Ca2+ efflux and activating caspase-12 cascade. | Useful for cancer theranostic in precision healthcare | (Wang et al., 2023) |
| 9. | Methotrexate and diacerein-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles | Alter ER stress-mediated apoptosis | Promising therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis | (El-Refaie et al., 2023) |
| 10. | CdTe quantum dots | ROS generation and prolonged ER stress to activate PERK and autophagy | Apoptotic death of hepatocellular carcinoma | (Zhang et al., 2023) |
| 11. | Redox-responsive phosphorus dendrimer-Cu complex and toyocamycin-entrapped polymeric nanoparticles coated with membranes of cancer cells | Apoptosis and immunogenic cell death | Synergistic chemotherapy-enhanced immunotherapy effects against various types of tumors | (Guo et al., 2022) |
| 12. | Size dependant iron oxide nanoparticles | Elevate the neutrophils and IL-6 to induce tumor necrosis factor-α | Help to study the biosafety of iron oxide nanoparticles to protect human health | (Ying et al., 2022) |
| 13. | Hydroxylated [70] fullerene nanoparticles | Repress the JNK to reactivate the insulin receptor substrate signaling pathway and inhibit gluconeogenesis. | Applicable to diseases related to insulin resistance | (Li et al., 2022) |
| 14. | Theranostic nanocomposites made of AgNPs and peptide-functionalized DOX | Induce organelle-driven immonochemotherapy and drug efflux protein diffidence | Theranostic agents against drug-resistant breast cancer | (Jiang et al., 2022) |
| 15. | Se nanoparticles synthesized using Lactobacillus casei | Alleviate oxidative stress, damage to ER structure, and activation of PERK. | A potential solution to prevent mycotoxins like deoxynivalenol | (Song et al., 2023) |